Taxonomic update of the flax family in Mexico Author González-Velasco, Juan 0000-0001-8743-3906 Departamento de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados. km 36.5 carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico, Mexico. & gonzalez. juan @ colpos. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8743 - 3906 gonzalez.juan@colpos.mx Author Burgos-Hernández, Mireya 0000-0003-3036-297X Departamento de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados. km 36.5 carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico, Mexico. & burgos. mireya @ colpos. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3036 - 297 X burgos.mireya@colpos.mx Author Galván-Escobedo, Iris G. 0000-0003-4250-4971 Departamento de Botánica, Colegio de Postgraduados. km 36.5 carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico, Mexico. & igalvan @ colpos. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4250 - 4971 igalvan@colpos.mx Author Castillo-Campos, Gonzalo 0000-0002-3059-8109 Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática. Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec km. 351, El Haya, 91073, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. & gonzalo. castillo @ inecol. mx; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3059 - 8109 gonzalo.castillo@inecol.mx text Phytotaxa 2022 2022-06-08 549 2 141 184 journal article 67684 10.11646/phytotaxa.549.2.3 62e44cf6-6f9d-4658-a89b-a0ddf687b5b9 1179-3163 6622753 Linum orizabae Planchon (1848c: 482) . ( Fig. 9a ). Type:— MEXICO . Veracruz : Orizaba, H. G . Galeotti 821 ( holotype K!) . Linum hypericifolium C. Presl (1831: 2) . Linum lecheoides S.Watson (1882: 332) . Type :— MEXICO . San Luis Potosi : in montibus San Miguelito, J.G . Schaffner 600 (isotypes GH!, MEXU!, NY) . Cathartolinum lecheoides Small (1907k: 79) . Cathartolinum orizabae Small (1907k: 79) . Cathartolinum hypericifolium Small (1907j: 80) . Description: — Herbs , perennial, 20–80(160) cm in height, essentially glabrous, usually with thick root; stems erect, ascending, striate, often unbranched to the inflorescence, glabrous or sparingly pilose. Leaves entire or slightly dentate, basal leaves opposite or arranged in whorls of 4, distal leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5.0–45.0 × (1.2–)2.0–9.0 mm, longer and wider toward the mid portion of the stem, sessile or subsessile, apex acute-acuminate; 1-nerved, prominent central nerve on the abaxial surface; membranous, glabrous, stipular glands present at the base. Inflorescence a cymose panicle, pedicels 1.5–4(16.4) mm long, occasionally with sparse whitish hairs, bracts 1.2– 2.5(–4.0) mm long, hairs scattered adaxially, margin entire, apex acuminate, stipular glands present at the base; sepals persistent, ovate to obovate, 1.5–2.5(–4.0) × 1.0–2.0 mm; margin entire, rarely with few glandular teeth; apex acute to shortly acuminate, apiculate, occasionally ciliated, slightly scariose; 1-nerved, nerve evident, sparsely pilose along the nerve, frequently glabrous on both sides, stipular glands present; petals yellow, obovate or oblanceolate, 3.0–8.0 mm long, glabrous; stamens 2.0–4.0 mm long; anthers 0.2–0.5 mm long, yellow; staminodia minute or absent; styles free or connate at the base, 0.9–2.0(3.6) mm long; stigmata capitate, yellow. Fruit ovoid to conical, yellow with purple hues in the upper part, 1.8–2.2(4.0) × 0.9–2.5(–3.0) mm, glabrous, pericarp thick, apex apiculate, dehiscent into 10 segments, false septa partially developed, septa ciliated; seeds compressed, elliptical or oblong, brown, 1.0–1.5 × 0.7–1.0 mm. Distribution: —Endemic to Mexico , in Mexico City , State of Mexico , Guerrero , Hidalgo , Jalisco , Michoacan , Morelos , Oaxaca , Puebla , Queretaro , and Veracruz ( Fig. 5c ). Habitat and ecology: —Oyamel fir forest, deciduous forest, cypress-juniper forest, chaparral shrubland, crassirosette-leaved thorny shrubland, cropland, oak forest, oak-pine forest, thornless or sub-thornless small-leaved shrubland, grasslands, pine forests, medium or low evergreen tropical forest. Elevation 1300–3500 m . Soils of volcanic origin of Acrisol, Andosol, Cambisol, Phaeozem, Fluvisol, Lithosol, Luvisol, Ranker, Regosol, Rendzina, Solonchak, Vertisol, and Xerosol types . Phenology: —Flowering in June–December; fruiting in October–January. Note: — Linum orizabae can be easily confused with L. mexicanum , since in part both species are sympatric and share a great morphological similarity. The only character detected that allows differentiating between the two species is the styles free or connate at the base, slightly smaller in L. orizabae . Conservation status: — Linum orizabae registers an EOO of 89,115.419 km 2 , and although it has an AOO of 280 km 2 , a value necessary to be considered endangered, it does not meet the necessary subcriteria. Therefore, this species can be considered as LC ( IUCN 2019 , 2021 ). It is important mentioning the affinity of this species to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Specimens examined: — MEXICO . Mexico City : Álvaro Obregón , Santa Rosa , 2700 m , 18 August 1977 , A. Ventura A. 2992 (CHAP!, CHAPA !) ; Álvaro Obregón , Santa Rosa , 2700 m , 30 April 1977 , A. Ventura A. 2722 ( CHAPA !) ; Álvaro Obregón , Santa Rosa , 2500 m , 1 August 1982 , A. Ventura A. 4000 ( CHAPA !) ; Álvaro Obregón , San Bartolo , 2700 m , 28 July 1979 , A. Ventura A. 3475 (IBUG!, MEXU!, XAL !) ; Milpa Alta , San Lorenzo , 2650 m , 23 October 1976 , A. Ventura A. 2337 (CHAPA!, XAL !) ; Milpa Alta , San Pablo , 2750 m , 7 July 1976 , A. Ventura A. 1753 ( CHAP !) ; Milpa Alta , San Lorenzo , 2650 m , 5 October 1976 , A. Ventura A. 2237 (CHAP!, CHAPA !) ; Milpa Alta , Tenantitla , 2850 m , 31 January 1976 , A. Ventura A. 925 ( CHAPA !) ; Milpa Alta , San Salvador , 2800 m , 11 December 1976 , A. Ventura A. 2468 ( CHAPA !) ; Milpa Alta , San Pablo , 2750 m , 7 July 1976 , A. Ventura A. 1753 ( CIIDIR !) ; Milpa Alta , a 300 m de LR al W del Volcán Ocotecatl , 3320 m , 19°05’07”N , 99°01’25”W , 11 Jul /2004 , J.E. Rivera et al. 3853 ( MEXU !) ; Tlalpan , Topilejo , 2600 m , 25 July 1976 , A. Ventura A. 1891 (CHAPA!, CIIDIR !) ; Xochimilco , Cerro de Esquehuil , 2800 m , 20 November 1976 , A. Ventura A. 2411 (CHAP!, CHAPA!, XAL !) ; Xochimilco , Cerro de Esquehuil , 2800 m , 30 June 1976 , A. Ventura A. 1701 (CHAP!, CHAPA!, CIIDIR !) ; Xochimilco , Cerro de Esquehuil , 2800 m , 16 July 1977 , A. Ventura A. 2990 ( CHAPA !) . State of Mexico : Amecameca , 1 Km al E de San Antonio , 2250 m , 30 September 1979 , B. Osorio C. 221 ( ANSM !) ; Amecameca , 1 km al E de San Antonio , 2500 m , 27 September1981 , F.J. Díaz P. 42 (CHAP!, CIIDIR!, IBUG !) ; Chapa de Mota , Cerro de Las Ánimas , 3105 m , 19°47’11.8”N , 99°31’47.9”W , 22 August 2009 , C. Trejo-Díaz 203 ( MEXU !) ; Donato Guerra , Camino a Llano Grande , 2500 m , 19°21’18”N , 100°14’40”W , 26 December 2005 , G. Cornejo T. et al. 1714 ( MEXU !) ; Texcoco , Santa Catarina , 2600 m , 14 July 1982 , E. Ventura V. 386 (CHAP!, CHAPA!, UAMIZ!, XAL !) ; Texcoco , San Miguel Tlaixpan , 2500 m , 7 May1983 , E. Ventura V. 881 (CHAP!, CIIDIR !) ; Texcoco , Santa Catarina , 3500 m , 29 March 1983 , E. Ventura A. 656 (INEGI!, XAL !) ; Tlalmanalco , Arroyo Tlalmanalco , 5 km al ESE de San Rafael , 2790 m , 11 April 1977 , S.D. Koch 7761 ( CHAPA !) ; Tlalmanalco , 1 km al NE de Sto. Tomás Atzingo , 2450 m , 5 November 1982 , J. García P. 1710 ( CHAPA !) ; Villa Nicolás Romero , Libertad , 2200 m , 10 September 1978 , A. Ventura A. 3313 (CHAPA!, CIIDIR !) ; Villa Nicolás Romero , 7 km antes de Tlazala de Fabela , 2450 m , 28 August 1984 , J. García et al. 1867 ( CHAPA !) . Guerrero : Metlatónoc , al S de Yoso Tise´e , 2800 m , 17°15’00”N , 98°19’00”W , 21 September 1988 , A. de Ávila 427 ( MEXU !) . Hidalgo : Mineral del Chico , El Chico , 2819 m , 20°11’54.99”N , 98°43’9.3”W , 1 September 1930 , E. Lyonnet 146 ( MEXU !) . Jalisco : San Gabriel , 4.5 km al N de Atequizayán , 2617 m , 27 November 2016 , V. Quintero F. et al. 1449 (CHAPA!, IBUG !) ; Venustiano Carranza , 15 km al NO de la carretera Cd. Guzmán-Autlán , 2260 m , 23 July 1990 , J. Villa C. et al. 827 ( IBUG !) ; Zapotlán el grande, Camino al Cerro de la Media Luna , 2136 m , 18 September 2019 , A. Castro et al. 4190 ( IBUG !) . Michoacan : Cherán , Ladera NE del Cerro San Marcos , 2600 m , 15 August 1987 , M. Pérez R. 211 (CHAP!, IBUG !) ; Cherán , 3 km al S de Cherán , 2400 m , 13 August 1987 , M. Pérez R. 172 (CIIDIR!, IBUG !) ; Coeneo , Cerro El Timbe estación de microondas, 2450 m , 11 December 1985 , H. Díaz-Barriga 1848 (CHAP!, XAL !) ; Hidalgo , Ladera W del Cerro San Andrés , 3030 m , 19°48’25”N , 100°37’37”W , 18 October 2012 , G. Aguilar-Gutiérrez et al. 981 ( IEB !) ; Hidalgo , Ladera S del Cerro San Andrés , 3375 m , 19°47’13”N , 100°35’48”W , 5 November 2010 , G. Aguilar-Gutiérrez & S. Zamudio R. 236 ( IEB !) ; Huiramba , Tupátaro , 2300 m , 28 August 1986 , J.M. Escobedo 1177 ( ANSM !) ; Huiramba , Parte alta del Cerro La Taza , 3190 m , 22 August 1986 , H. Díaz B. & S. Zamudio 2648 (CIIDIR!, IBUG !) ; Huiramba , Parte alta Cerro Las Nieves , 3350 m , 17 July 1992 , H. Díaz B. & E. García L. 7020 ( XAL !) ; Lagunillas , Cerro El Águila , 2590 m , 19°36’37”N , 101°22’40”W , 12 October 2008 , G. Cornejo T. & G. Ibarra M. 3190 ( IEB !) ; Lagunillas , Cerro El Águila , 2620 m , 16°36’31”N 101°22’18”W , 12 October 2008 , G. Cornejo T. & G. Ibarra M. 3248 ( IEB !) ; La Piedad , Cerro Grande de la Piedad , 2500 m , 30 August 1994 , S. Zamudio et al. 9372 ( XAL !) ; Ocampo , a 1.1 km al SO de Cieneguillas , 2634 m , 19°34’29.4”N , 100°18’43”W , 10 July 2015 , D. Álvarez 15764 ( MEXU !) ; Ocampo , El Salto aprox. 3 km al E de Ocampo , 2240 m , 1 October 1989 , R. Torres C. 13263 ( XAL !) ; Ocuilán , 2 km al N de Santa Mónica , 2370 m , 18°99’16”N, 99°26’08”W, 20 July 1990 , L. Zizumbo A. 17 ( INEGI !) ; Santa Clara del Cobre , Cerro del Burro , 3200 m , 26 May 1988 , E. Pérez-Calix 54 (CIIDIR!, IBUG!, XAL !) ; Santa Clara del Cobre , San Gregorio , 2650 m , 3 September 1988 , E. Pérez-Calix 195 (CIIDIR!, IBUG!, XAL !) ; Santa Clara del Cobre , Cerro del Burro , 3000 m , 26 May 1988 , J.M. Escobedo 1414 ( IBUG !) ; Tlalmanalco , 3 km al E de San Rafael , 2700 m , 19 September 1976 , S.E. Cortés 454 ( INEGI !) ; Tlalpujahua , Camino Cerro San Miguel el Alto a Calvario , 2920 m , 21 October 1987 , S. Zamudio R. 5791 (IBUG!, IEB!, XAL !) ; Zinapécuaro , Presa Pízcuaro , 3050 m , 25 January 1990 , J.M. Jasso 1782 (CHAP!, XAL !) ; Zinapécuaro , Campamento turístico Los Azufres , 2850 m , 27 July 1986 , S. Zamudio 4200 (CHAP!, CHAPA!, CIIDIR !) ; Zinapécuaro , Ladera SW del Cerro San Andrés , 3200 m , 28 August 1987 , S. Zamudio R. 5518 (CHAPA!, IEB !) ; Zinapécuaro , La Cañada a 1 km al E de El Rincón de Jeráhuaro , 2580 m , 15 August 1989 , M.J. Jasso 1381 (CIIDIR!, IBUG !) ; Zinapécuaro , Presa La Gachupina lado SW, 2910 m , 19 September 1989 , M.J. Jasso 1598 (CIIDIR!, IBUG !) ; Zinapécuaro , Laguna de Los Azufres , 2870 m , 30 August 1986 , H. Díaz B. & S. Zamudio 2701 ( IBUG !) ; Zitácuaro , Camino al Cerro Cacique , 2230 m , 16 September 1989 , R. Torres & M. Ramírez 13003 ( XAL !) . Morelos : Huitzilac , Zempoala , 19 September 1938 , E. Lyonnet 2485 ( XAL !) . Oaxaca : Ixtlán de Juárez , Northwest slope of Cerro Humo Chico , 2870 m , 17°29’17.12”N , 96°29’51.5”W , 9 November 1983 , D.E. Breedlove & F. Almeda 59969 ( MEXU !) . Puebla : Cholula , Camino a Tepetzingo , 19°04’45”N , 98°31’30”W , 2650 m , 4 November 1987 , M. Tlapa A. & G. Ubierna 1275 ( XAL !) . Queretaro : Amealco , 8 km al NE de San Pablo , 2700 m , 23 October 1989 , Rzedowski 49177 ( IEB !) . Veracruz : Acajete , Entre Acajete y Puentecillas , 1950 m , 27 June 1985 , M. Chazaro B. & M. Leach 3405 ( XAL !) ; Acajete , Masatepec , 950 m , 14 May 1975 , F. Ventura A. 11336 ( XAL !) ; Acajete , Acajete , 1950 m , 14 May 1979 , F. Ventura A. 16079 ( XAL !) ; Acajete , La Joya , 2050 m , 11 July 1980 , F. Ventura A. 17484 ( XAL !) ; Acultzingo , Cumbres de Acultzingo , 2250 m , 18°43’10”N , 97°17’49”W , 5 November 1985 , J.L. Martínez & R. Acosta P. 916 ( XAL !) ; Calcahualco , A 2 km de Ahuihuixtla , camino a Tres Aguas ( Coscomatepec ), 1750 m , 19°08’00”N , 97°03’00”W , 25 May 1985 , J.L. Martínez & F. Vázquez 271 ( IBUG !) ; Calcahualco , San Miguel Tlacotiopa , 2600 m , 19°06’00”N , 97°14’00”W , 30 July 1985 , J.L. Martínez & F. Vázquez 527 (IBUG!, XAL !) ; Calcahualco , El Raicero , 3151 m , 19°06’17”N , 97°13’53”W , 12 August 2009 , D. Jímeno S. 1146 ( XAL !) ; Calcahualco, A 10 km al O de Escola , 2100 m , 19°09’00”N , 97°13’00”W , 26 June 1985 , J.L. Martínez & F. Vázquez 339 ( XAL !) ; Chiconquiaco , entre Chiconquiaco y Planta del Pie , 2100 m , 11 July 1984 , M. Chazaro & L. Robles 3107 (IBUG!, XAL !) ; Coscomatepec , 8 km SW of Escola , 2500 m , 19°07’00”N , 97°11’00”W , 8 July 1982 , M. Nee & G. Diggs 24859 ( XAL !) ; Las Minas , Vereda de Cruz Blanca Rinconada , 2250 m , C. Duran E. y P. Burgos 496 ( XAL !) ; Las Minas , Cerro La Tolva , 19°39’00”N , 97°08’00”W , 22 July 1989 , C. Duran E. & M. Bielma 945 ( XAL !) ; Las Minas , Vereda de Cruz Blanca a Las Minas , 19°40’00”N , 97°10’00”W , 17 July 1993 , C. Duran E. & L. Leal 1141 ( XAL !) ; Orizaba , Ladera NW del cerro del “Borrego”, 1350 m , 28 January 1984 , J. García P. 1783 ( CHAPA !) ; Rafael Ramírez , Rancho Casa Blanca , carretera a Perote , 2300 m , 19°39’00”N , 97°07’00”W , 27 September 1983 , F. Vázquez B. 1280 ( XAL !) ; Tonayan , Arriba de Monte Real , 2100 m , 1 September 1982 , M. Cházaro & J. Márquez 2612 ( CHAPA !) ; Tonayan , Arriba de Monte Real rumbo a La Magdalena , 2050 m , 1 June 1981 , M. Cházaro B. 1559 (IBUG!, XAL !) .