Review of the genus Ceratotarsonemus De Leon, 1956 (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae), with description of a new species from the Amazon Forest
Author
Rezende, José Marcos
Author
Lofego, Antonio Carlos
Author
Gulbronson, Connor
Author
Bauchan, Gary
Author
Ochoa, Ronald
text
Zootaxa
2018
2018-09-21
4483
2
271
294
journal article
29510
10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.3
978177a0-69ca-4f91-88ad-fe44cb660e9b
1175-5326
1437673
B013B1B6-D013-4A1F-9436-7D3FE40AC044
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
Rezende, Lofego & Ochoa
sp. nov.
(
Figs. 4–16
)
Diagnosis. Female:
Pharyngeal pump about 1/2 gnathosomal width. Palpal length about 1/2 gnathosomal length. Prodorsal shield with hexagonal reticulation posteriorly. Tergite C with inverted U-shaped reticulation dorsally, which has four rows of reticula. All dorsal setae coarsely barbed, except for bothridial setae
sc1
. Vertical setae
v1
about ½ length scapular setae
sc2
on prodorsum. Setae
c1
distinctly longer than
c2
on tergite C. Setae
c2
and
e
long (~ 65 and 80 µm, respectively). Ventral surface of propodosoma with prosternal apodeme complete, extending from apodemes 1 to sejugal apodeme.
FIGURE 4.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: A–D: different focal planes (from dorsal to ventral view) of the gnathosoma under the differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy (squared areas in A–B: dorsal apices of cheliceral levers).
Description. Female:
holotype
and four
paratypes
measured.
Gnathosoma (
Figs. 4
and
5
A-B):
capsule subquadrate in outline,
28
(22–28) long (~ 0.2x LI),
19
(18–21) wide (~ 0.2x WI). Palpi
11
(11–13) long (~ 0.4x LG),
3
wide (~ 0.2x WG), with small rounded processes apically, two minute setae. Pharynx fusiform,
15
(13–15) long (~ 0.5x LGC),
6
wide (6–7) (~ 0.3x WG), with external walls and musculature well developed. Cheliceral stylets short, subtriangular, attached to defined basal levers. Gnathosomal setae:
dgs
10
(10–12) long (~ 0.4x LG), setiform, smooth. Setae
vgs
7
(5–7) long (~ 0.3x LG), setiform, smooth. Setae
pp
absent. Relative length of gnathosomal setae (
dgs
:
vgs
): 1: 0.7.
Idiosoma, dorsal plates and stigmata (
Figs. 5C
and
6–9
):
idiosoma
172
(159–172) long (~ 1.9x WI),
95
(95–103) wide at level of
c2
(0.6x LI). PrS
54
(48–56) long (~ 0.3x LI),
62
(60–65) wide (~ 0.6x WI) at stigmata level, hoodlike, covering gnathosoma, with convex posterior margin, reticulated. Prodorsomedial apodeme absent. Stigmata openings located closely anterior to scapular setae
sc1
, on inconspicuous projections anterolaterally. Tracheal tubes hardly discernible. Postatrial sacs absent or not visible. Tergite C
44
(40–48) long (~ 0.3x LI),
95
(95–103) wide at level of
c2
, with concave posterior edge, reticulated, covered by roulade-shaped cerotegument. D
65
(62–68) long (~ 0.4x LI),
75
(73–78) wide at level of
d
(~ 0.8x WI), with distinctly convex posterior margin. EF
20
(18–20) long (~ 0.1x LI),
50
(48–50) wide at level of
e
(~ 0.5x WI), with slightly convex posterior edge. H
10
long (~ 0.07x LI),
25
(23–25) wide at level of
h
(~ 0.2x WI), with convex margin. PrS and C covered medially with reticulate turtle-shell-like ornamentation.
Dorsal setae, pits and cupules (
Figs. 5D
,
6
,
7
and
10
)
: All dorsal setae coarsely barbed, except for bothridial setae
sc1.
v1
72
(64–72) (~ 3.5x DBB
v1
); sensilli
sc1
16
(13–16) (~ 0.5x DBB
sc1
), capitate with tiny spines;
sc2
102
(94–102) (~
2x
DBB
sc2
), inserted anterolaterally to
sc1
;
c1
85
(80–85) (~ 1.4x DBB
c1
), inserted closely to margin of tergite D;
c2
64
(64–70) (~
1x
DBB
c2
);
d
106
(105–110) (~ 2.5x DBB
d
);
e
74
(74–86) (~ 2.5x DBB
e
);
f
31
(29–34) (~
3x
DBB
f
);
h
24
(23–26) (~ 1.2x DBB
h
). Relative length of dorsal setae (mean values—
v1
:
sc1
:
sc2
:
c1
:
c2
:
d
:
e
:
f
:
h
): 1: 0.2: 1.4: 1.2: 0.9: 1.5: 1: 0.5: 0.4. Distance between dorsal setae:
v1–v1
20
(20–21);
sc1– sc1
30
(29–30);
sc2–sc2
50
(50–52);
v1
–sc2
22
(20–22);
c1–c1
60
;
c2–c2
65
(62–65);
c1–c2
18
(16–19);
d–d
40
(38–42);
e–e
30
(28–32);
f–f
10
(10–12);
e–f
13
(12–14);
h–h
20
(18–20). Relative distances between setae bases (mean values—
v1–v1
:
sc1–sc1
:
sc2–sc2
:
v1
–sc2
:
c1–c1
:
c2–c2
:
c1–c2
:
d–d
:
e–e
:
f–f
:
e–f
:
h–h
): 1: 1.5: 2.5: 1.1: 3: 3.4: 0.9: 2: 1.5: 0.5: 0.6: 1. Pits
v2
located nearly in oblique line between setae
sc2
and
v1
on either side, nearly anteriad of
sc1
. Diameter and position of cupules:
ia
4
anterolaterally to setae
d
;
im
3
anterolaterally to setae
e
;
ih
difficult to discern.
FIGURE 5.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: Gnathosoma: A—ventral view; B—detail of the palps and tips of chelicerae (squared). Stigmata: C—lateral view (squared); D—ventral view, showing also the bothridial setae
sc1
.
Ventral plates (
Figs. 11–14
):
PrP
40
(38–41) long (~ 0.25x LI),
72
(70–72) wide at level of sejugal apodeme (~ 0.8x WI), anterior edge between apodemes 1 distinctly concave, lateral ridges between trochanters I and II convex. MtP
47
(46–47) long (~ 0.4x LI),
90
wide at level of setae
3a
(~
1x
WI), anterior margin nearly straight, posterior margin undulate between trochanters III and IV. Lateral extensions of metapodosomal ventral plate extend over tergites D and EF laterally. Tegula
3
long (~ 0.02x LI),
18
(16–18) wide (~ 0.2x WI), margin convex. Ag
40
(38–40) long (~ 0.25x LI), without setae. Ps
9
long (~ 0.6x LI),
16
wide at level of setae
ps
(~ 0.2x WI), posterior margin slightly concave. Ventral extensions of coxisternal plates IV slightly overlapped medially behind tegula.
Ventral setae and coxal pits (
Fig. 11
):
setae
1a
8
(7–8) (~ 0.8x DBB
1a
), setiform, smooth, near posteromedial margin of apodemes 1;
2a
8
(8–10) (~ 0.3x DBB
2a
), setiform, smooth, near posteromedial margin of apodemes 2;
3a
7
(6–7) (~ 0.5x DBB
3a
), setiform, smooth, near bifurcation of poststernal apodeme;
3b
8
(7–9) (~ 0.3x DBB
3b
), setiform, near posterior margin of apodemes 4;
ps
14
(12–14) (~ 0.9x DBB
ps
), setiform, serrate. Relative length of ventral setae (
1a
:
2a
:
3a
:
3b
:
ps
): 1: 1.0: 0.9: 1.0: 1.9. Distance between ventral setae:
1a–1a
10
(9–10);
2a–2a
23
(22–24);
3a–3a
13
(13–14);
3b–3b
25
(24–26);
ps–ps
16
(16–17). Relative distance of ventral setae bases (mean values—
1a–1a
:
2a–2a
:
3a–3a
:
3b–3b
:
ps–ps
): 1: 2.3: 1.3: 2.5: 1.6. Coxal pits:
1b
located well laterad of setae
1a
;
2b
located well laterad of setae
2a
.
FIGURE 6.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: dorsal surface.
FIGURE 7.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: dorsal surface: A—phase contrast; B—differential interference contrast; C—low temperature scanning electron microscopy.
FIGURE 8.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: ornamentation on dorsal surface: A—differential interference contrast; B—low temperature scanning electron microscopy.
FIGURE 9.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: details of wax-like substance over the dorsum under low temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT-SEM).
Ventral apodemes (
Figs. 11–14
):
Apodemes 1 well defined, joined with anterior end of prosternal apodeme. Apodemes 2 not joined to prosternal apodeme. Prosternal apodeme well defined, extending from junction with apodeme 1 to sejugal apodeme. Sejugal apodeme well defined, uninterrupted. Apodemes 3 extending diagonally from proximity of base of seta
3a
to (but not laterally beyond) anterior margin of trochanters III, with a median bent. Apodemes 4 extending diagonally, from posterior third of poststernal apodeme nearly to base of seta
3b
. Poststernal apodeme bifurcated anteriorly.
Legs (
Figs. 15–16
):
length (measured from trochanter to tarsus): leg
I
45
(45–49) (~ 0.3x LI); leg
II
49
(43–49) (~ 0.3x LI); leg
III
86
(80–86) (~ 0.5x LI); leg
IV
28
(27–28) (~ 0.2x LI). Relative lengths of legs (mean values— I:II:III:IV): 1: 1.0: 2.0: 0.5. Free leg segments: leg I: femur
I
14
(13–14) long (~ 0.3x LLI),
10
(9–10) wide (~ 0.6x LFeI); genu
I
8
(8–9) long (~ 0.2x LLI),
8
(7–8) wide (~ 1.0 x LGeI); tibiotarsus
I
15
(15–17) long (~ 0.3x LLI),
5
wide (0.3x LTbTaI). Leg II: femur
II
12
(12–14) long (~ 0.25x LLII),
11
(11–13) wide (~ 1.0x LFeII), with a small concavity; genu
II
7
(7–8) long (~ 0.2x LLII),
8
(8–9) wide (~ 1.1x LGeII); tibia
II
7
(7–8) long (~ 0.2x LLII),
6
(6– 7) wide (~ 1.0x LTbII); tarsus
II
7
long (~ 0.2x LLII),
5
(5–6) wide (~ 0.8x LTaII). Leg III: femorogenu
III
16
(16– 18) long (~ 0.2x LLIII),
6
(6–8) wide (~ 0.4x LFeGeIII); tibia
III
17
(16–18) long (~ 0.2x LLIII),
6
(6–7) wide (~ 0.3x LTbIII); tarsus
III
10
(10–12) long (~ 0.1x LLIII),
4
(4–6) wide (~ 0.4x LTaIII). Leg IV: femorogenu
IV
15
(15–16) long (~ 0.5x LLIV),
3
wide (~ 0.2x LFeGeIV); tibiotarsus
IV
8
(8–9) long (~ 0.3x LLIV),
3
wide (~ 0.3x LTbTaIV). Trochanters IV separated by interval of ~
3x
their widths. Ambulacra of legs I-III: ambulacrum I with minute empodial pad bearing one short claw curved distally; ambulacra II-III with empodial pads and two symmetrically paired claws.
Leg chaetotaxy (
Figs. 15–16
):
Number of setae (solenidia in parentheses) on femur, genu, tibia and tarsus, respectively: leg I: 3–4–6(1
φ
)+7(1
ω
); leg II: 3–3–4–4(1
ω
); leg III: 1+1–4–4; leg IV:1+1–1+1. Setae present on each leg segment: Leg I: femur I:
d
6
(5–6) (~ 0.5x LFeI) serrate,
l'
8
(8–9) (~ 0.6x LFeI) smooth,
v"
6
(~ 0.5x LFeI) smooth; genu I:
l'
9
(8–9) (~ 1.0x LGeI) serrate,
l"
6
(5–6) (~ 0.7x LGeI) serrate,
v'
5
(4–5) (~ 0.6x LGeI) smooth,
v"
7
(7–8) (~ 0.9x LGeI) smooth; tibiotarsus I: (setae):
d
28
(28–31) (~ 1.9x LTbTaI) serrate,
l'
17
(17–19) (~ 1.1x LTbTaI) serrate,
l"
12
(12–13) (~ 0.8x LTbTaI) serrate,
v'
13
(13–14) (~ 0.9x LTbTaI) serrate,
v"
16
(16–17) (~ 1.1x LTbTaI) serrate,
k
5
(~ 0.3x LTbTaI),
pv'
6
(~ 0.3x LTbTaI) smooth,
pv"
8
(8–9) (~ 0.6x LTbTaI) smooth,
s
2
(~ 0.1x LTbTaI) spine-like, (eupathidia):
p'
11
(~ 0.7x LTbTaI),
p"
17
(~ 1.1x LTbTaI),
tc'
16
(16–17) (~ 1.1x LTbTaI),
tc"
18
(17–18) (~ 1.2x LTbTaI), (solenidia): cluster incomplete, inserted at same level: solenidion
φ1
3
(~ 0.2x LTbTaI) slender and clavate; solenidion
ω
7
(6–7) (~ 0.4x LTbTaI), fusiform. Leg II: femur II:
d
6
(5–6) (~ 0.5x LFeII) serrate,
l'
7
(7–8) (~ 0.5x LFeII) smooth,
v"
14
(13–15) (~ 1.2x LFeII) smooth; genu II:
l'
13
(12–13) (~ 1.9x LGeII) serrate,
l"
6
(6–7) (~ 1.0x LGeII) serrate,
v'
15
(14–15) (~ 2.1x LGeII) serrate; tibia II:
d
13
(12–13) (~ 1.9x LTbII) serrate,
l'
13
(13–14) (~ 1.9x LTbII) serrate,
v'
14
(~ 2.0x LTbII) serrate,
v"
14
(14–16) (~ 2.0x LTbII) serrate; tarsus II:
tc'
10
(9–10) (~ 1.2x LTaII) smooth,
tc"
9
(~ 1.1x LTaII) serrate,
pv'
14
(13–14) (~ 2.0x LTaII) serrate,
u'
3
(~ 0.4x LTaII) spine-like, (solenidia): solenidion
ω
6
(~ 0.4x LTaII) proximally inserted, stout, fusiform. Leg III: femorogenu III:
v'
F
7
(~ 0.4x LFeGeIII) smooth,
l'
G
10
(9–10) (~ 0.6x LFeGeIII) smooth; tibia III:
d
10
(9–10) (~ 0.6x LTbIII) smooth,
l'
14
(14–15) (~ 0.8x LTbIII) serrate,
v'
9
(9–10) (~ 0.5x LTbIII) serrate,
v"
9
(9–10) (~ 0.5x LTbIII) smooth; tarsus III:
tc'
13
(12–13) (~ 1.3x LTaIII) serrate,
tc"
18
(18–20) (~ 1.8x LTaIII) serrate,
pv'
12
(11–12) (~ 1.2x LTaIII) smooth,
u'
3
(~ 0.2x LTaIII) spine-like. Leg IV: femorogenu IV:
v'
F
8
(7–9) (~ 0.5x LFeGeIV) smooth,
v'
G
9
(9–11) (~ 0.6x LFeGeIV) smooth; tibiotarsus IV:
v'
Ti
22
(21–24) (~ 2.9x LTbTaIV) falcate,
tc"
35
(32–37) (~ 3.5x LTbTaIV) smooth.
FIGURE 10.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: details of dorsal setae.
FIGURE 11.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: ventral surface.
FIGURE 12.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: ventral surface: A—phase contrast; B—differential interference contrast; C—low temperature scanning electron microscopy.
FIGURE 13.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: details of the internal structures under the differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy: A—gastric caecae; B—seminal receptacle and duct leading to ovary.
FIGURE 14.
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
: A–B: details of the external and internal structures under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) microscopy.
Male and Larva
: unknown.
Type material:
holotype and 19 paratypes on
Psychotira
sp. (
Rubiaceae
), four paratypes on
Bignoniaceae
sp. and one paratype on
Annonaceae
sp., 58°14ʹW 9°51ʹS, Cotriguaçú, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil,
01/II/2015
, A. C. Lofego, F. S. R. Amaral & J. M. Rezende. Holotype and 15 paratypes deposited at DZSJRP; 10 paratypes deposited at USNM.
Remarks.
Females of
Ceratotarsonemus amazonicus
sp. nov.
are most similar to those of
Ceratotarsonemus alas
Ochoa & Vargas
in having tergite C with reticulation forming a broad inverted U-shape, the reticula wider than long, identical lengths of dorsal setae
sc1
and
f
, and the sejugal apodeme well defined along its whole extension. Female
C. amazonicus
,
sp. nov.
are distinguished by the length of their dorsal setae
c2
and
e
(~ 30% longer than female
C. alas
, for both pairs of setae) and by the number of reticula rows on tergite C (four rows observed in
C. amazonicus
sp. nov.
whereas just two in
C. alas
).
Etymology.
The species is named
amazonicus
indicating the biome where the species has been found.