Diversity and distribution of intertidal Microporella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) from California Author Chowdhury, Ismael A. 1E701E0E-9E8C-419C-B81C-B975E552AA7C California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Biological Sciences Department, Polytechnic University Humboldt, California, USA. ismael.chowdhury@humboldt.edu Author Martino, Emanuela Di A7905C48-FF37-4D27-BCCE-F0560AF040A2 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. & Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy. emanuela.dimartino@unict.it Author Lee, Hannah 7D12EF23-390F-4D83-9C3E-D0A754F15DE1 California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Biological Sciences Department, Polytechnic University Humboldt, California, USA. hannahelee56@gmail.com Author Windecker, Claire C. F50D2B7B-89FA-4B66-A8A1-860D91F05226 California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Biological Sciences Department, Polytechnic University Humboldt, California, USA. claire.windecker@humboldt.edu Author Craig, Sean ECEEE510-F317-4CA0-A9ED-BFB68F12B4BB California State Polytechnic University Humboldt, Biological Sciences Department, Polytechnic University Humboldt, California, USA. sean.craig@humboldt.edu text European Journal of Taxonomy 2024 2024-04-22 932 34 68 https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2509/11237 journal article 10.5852/ejt.2024.932.2509 2118-9773 11030293 231BF669-4E64-4EAD-8305-4AEA0481D807 Microporella similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FD102F85-A00A-44F7-BD69-744CF802D773 Fig. 6 , Table 2 Microporella cribrosa – Soule et al. 1995: 144 , pl. 50 figs a–c. Diagnosis Encrusting Microporella with interzooidal communications through multiporous septula; zooids with paired, rarely single, distolaterally directed adventitious avicularia, with crossbar at same level as ascopore; primary orifice with smooth, straight proximal margin, and small condyles at corners; 5–7 robust oral spines, two or none retained in ovicellate zooids; frontal shield tubercular, smooth, with reticulate pseudopores and distinct, elliptical marginal areolae; ascopore delicately cribrate with thin distal projection and eight-shaped/trifoliate pores, close to orifice, with proximal, smooth umbo, becoming squared and curved inwards; ovicells prominent, large, with numerous, well defined radial ribs, few pseudopores in grooves between ribs, and central to proximal smooth, imperforate, umbonate area. Etymology Latin ‘ similis ’, similar, alluding to the resemblance of this species to both Microporella cribrosa and M. rota Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. Type material Holotype USA • colony of ca 100 zooids , several ovicellate , detached from the substrate; California , Los Angeles County , Velero 1232–41, 5 miles from San Pedro Breakwater ; depth 35 m ; 33°38′15″ N , 118°12′15.00012″ W ; 15 Feb. 1941 ; T.B. Scanland leg.; SBMNH 704271 . Paratypes USA • 1 colony of 30 zooids , several ovicellate, detached from the substrate; California , Orange County , Laguna Beach ; 33°32′31.2″ N , 117°47′16.8″ W ; Allan Hancock Foundation leg.; SBMNH 702583 • 1 colony of 40 zooids , none ovicellate, on echinoid spine; California , Los Angeles County , Channel Islands , Santa Catalina Island ; 33°27′00″ N , 118°25′0.00012″ W ; 27 Aug. 1972 ; Allan Hancock Foundation leg.; SBMNH 703675 (slide 2) . MEXICO • 1 colony of 70 zooids , several ovicellate, detached from the substrate; Mexico , Bahia California (Norte), Bahia Todos Santos ; 31°47′59.997254″ N , 116°41′59.989014″ W ; depth 25–30 m ; 2 Jul. 1938 ; J.Q. Burch leg.; SBMNH 668408 . Additional material USA • 1 colony of 40 zooids , several ovicellate, detached from the substrate; California , Marin County , Dillon Beach ; 38°15′00″ N , 122°56′59.989014″ W ; R.J. Menzies leg.; SBMNH 668407 • 1 colony of ca 100 zooids , several ovicellate , detached from the substrate; California , Monterey County , Lighthouse Point ; 36°37′59.97864″ N , 121°56′22.92″ W ; intertidal; Nov. 1940 ; Allan Hancock Foundation leg.; SBMNH 673403 • 1 colony of 60 zooids , several ovicellate , detached from the substrate; California , Ventura County , Channel Island , San Nicolas Island ; 33°14′57.99984″ N , 119°29′57.99984″ W ; 26 Aug. 1976 ; Allan Hancock Foundation leg.; SBMNH 695087 . Description Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar; interzooidal communications through multiporous septula ( Fig. 6F ). Autozooids hexagonal, ZL = 398–563 µm (475±37 µm, N = 20), ZW = 259–467 µm (378±51 µm, N = 20), mean L/W = 1.26, boundaries marked by deep grooves ( Fig. 6A ). Frontal shield flat to slightly convex, tubercular, smooth, with elliptical marginal areolae (30–60 µm long) at zooidal lateral corners usually distinguishable from much smaller, circular pseudopores; pseudopores reticulate ( Fig. 6L ), D = 10–25 µm, numbering 20–30, evenly distributed on the frontal shield proximal to ascopore. Primary orifice transversely D-shaped; OL = 75–97 µm (83±7 µm, N = 9), OW = 114–160 µm (138±14 µm, N = 15), mean OL/OW = 0.60, mean ZL/OL = 5.70; hinge-line straight, smooth, with small triangular condyles at corners ( Fig. 6D ). Five to seven robust, long (190–260 µm), articulated, oral spines visible in non-ovicellate zooids ( Fig. 6A, C, E, G ); two spines or none visible in ovicellate zooids ( Fig. 6A, I–J ); proximalmost pair of spines thicker, placed almost at level with the proximal margin of orifice ( Fig. 6B, D ); spines indenting proximal margin of distal zooid and becoming embedded until completely obliterated by frontal shield calcification ( Fig. 6D, J ). Ascopore ( Fig. 6B, K ) moderately depressed or at level with adjacent frontal shield, transversely elliptical, D = 27–81 µm, less than one ascopore width from orifice; ascopore opening delicately cribrate with thin distal projection expanding proximally; pores of ascopore plate eight-shaped or trifoliate; smooth, low, knobby, rounded umbo developing proximally to ascopore, sometimes becoming quadrangular and curved inwards ( Fig. 6I ), hiding ascopore. In some zooids multiple umbones forming on frontal shield with age ( Fig. 6E ). Avicularia more often paired ( Fig. 6A, D, H ), sometimes single ( Fig. 6D–E ); in two zooids third avicularium was observed at zooidal mid-length, budded from one of lateral areolae ( Fig. 6J , see arrow); relatively large, AvL = 77–115 µm (95±17 µm, N = 20), AvW = 56–80 µm (69±6 µm, N = 20), mean AvL/AvW = 1.38; located laterally in zooidal distal half, on either side, with thin complete crossbar usually at same level as ascopore; rostrum acutely triangular, narrowly channelled distally, directed distolaterally, distally raised. Mandible long (120–150 µm), with setose end, and pair of basal hooks ( Fig. 6H ). Fig. 6. Microporella similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. A–C . Holotype (SBMNH 704271), Velero 1232–41, 5 miles from San Pedro Breakwater, California, USA. D . Paratype (SBMNH 702583), Laguna Beach, California, USA. E–G . Paratype (SBMNH 703675), Santa Catalina Island, California, USA. H–L . Paratype (SBMNH 668408), Bahia Todos Santos, Mexico. A . Group of autozooids, some ovicellate. B . Close-up of ascopore. C . Ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. D . Close-up of autozooids showing the orifice. E . Autozooids with multiple umbones on the frontal shield. F . Close-up of multiporous septula. G . Close-up of a young autozooid at colony growing edge showing the length of oral spines. H . Close-up of an open mandible. I . Ovicellate zooids with quadrangular umbo. J . Group of zooids, one showing a third avicularium (see arrow). K . Close-up of ascopore. L . Close-up of reticulate pseudopores. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 100 µm; C, I = 500 µm; D = 250 µm; E, G = 200 µm; F = 50 µm; H = 120 µm; J = 300 µm; K–L = 20 µm. Ovicell globular, prominent ( Fig. 6A, I–J ), large, OvL = 286–335 µm (306±18 µm, N = 6), OvW = 338– 430 µm (384±37 µm, N = 6), mean OvL/OvW = 0.80; occupying frontal shield of next distal zooid up to the proximal margin of avicularia; calcification smooth, radially ribbed, with about 20 well defined ribs, and five circular pseudopores, D = 5–20 µm, arranged in radial rows between ribs, extending from ovicell periphery but not reaching centre, which is occupied by more or less raised, smooth and imperforate umbo; in some ovicells umbo more proximally placed ( Fig. 6J ). Ancestrula tatiform ( Fig. 6C ), elliptical, 370 µm long by 260 µm wide, with 10 circumopesial spines, arranged seven distolaterally closely spaced and three proximally widely spaced, indenting opesia outline which appears undulate, opesia 260 µm long by 185 µm wide, surrounded by seven zooids; first two zooids budded distolaterally, lacking avicularia. Remarks Microporella similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. is similar to both M. cribrosa ( Fig. 5 ) and M. rota Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. ( Fig. 4 ). Like M. cribrosa , it has robust spines ranging from five to seven and typically has paired avicularia; like M. rota , it has reticulate pseudopores. Nonetheless, there are notable distinguishing traits. Despite having a cribrate ascopore as the two aforementioned species, the one in M. similis differs from that of M. rota in having a distal projection expanding mid-proximally and a different shape of the cribrate plate pores, wich are mostly eight-shaped as well as trifoliate in M. similis but simply rounded in M. rota . In comparison to M. cribrosa , M. similis has a more delicate distal projection. Additionally, the frontal shield and ovicell surface of M. similis are tubercular and smooth, while in the other two species they are tubercular but also finely to coarsely granular. Ovicells of M. similis are larger, displaying a higher number of better defined ribs, while a lower number of pores are present in the grooves between ribs. In ovicellate zooids, the proximalmost pair of spines may either be retained, as observed in M. cribrosa , or obliterated, as seen in M. rota . The presence of a distinct, quadrangular umbo is another characteristic that sets this species apart. Soule et al. (1995) reassigned to M. cribrosa specimens previously identified as M. californica by Robertson (1908) . However, upon reviewing the description and illustration provided by Robertson (1908: 281 , pl. 18 figs 32–34), particularly noting the depiction of the cribrate ascopore with delicate distal projection, it is likely that those specimens actually belong to M. similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. Following the SEM examination of the holotype of Microporella cribrosa , it becomes evident that it represents a complex of species. This evidence prompts the need for a comprehensive re-evaluation of prior records attributed to M. cribrosa , which may lead to the identification of additional colonies belonging to both M. rota Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. and M. similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. , as well as potentially revealing the existence of more previously unidentified species. This might imply a more restricted distribution for M. cribrosa , suggesting also that it may not be among the commonest species of Microporella in California as previously thought, a notion supported by our sampling where we did not encounter any specimens of this particular species. Distribution and ecology To date, Microporella similis Chowdhury & Di Martino sp. nov. was recorded at three Pacific sites, two in California ( USA ) waters (i.e., Dillon Beach and San Pedro Bay) down to 126 m depth ( Soule et al. 1995 ), and one in Mexican waters (i.e., Bahia Todos Santos) at 25–30 m depth. Studied specimens are usually detached from the substrate except in one instance in which the colony was encrusting an echinoid spine.