Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales) Author Jeppson, Mikael Author Altes, Alberto Author Moreno, Gabriel Author Nilsson, R. Henrik Author Yolanda Loarce, Author Bustos, Alfredo de Author Larsson, Ellen text MycoKeys 2017 21 33 88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176 1314-4049--33 Tulostoma melanocyclum Bres., in Petri, Ann. Mycol. 2(5): 415. 1904. Figure 2i Holotype . ITALY: in glabrosis prope Tridentinum, 1902, G. Bresadola (K). This species is closely related to T. squamosum , T. subsquamosum , and the new species T. calcareum . It is distinguished by its dark brown to almost black stipe and a prominent dark peristome contrasting to the pale colours of the surrounding endoperidium in old and weathered specimens. In young basidiomata the endoperidium is more or less orange brown and the stem +/- orange brown. The spores are verrucose-echinate and normally lack anastomoses and crests as seen under SEM (Figure 2i). It can be readily distinguished from T. brumale , which often grows in the same locations, by its darker stem and the more coarsely ornamented spores. Photos of the holotype collection at K (habit and spore ornamentation under SEM) were included in Altes et al. (1996) . Habitat and distribution. Grows in dry sandy grasslands, on sand dunes, sand steppes and rupicolous steppe slopes. According to Wright (1987) it is a typically European species. It is, however, also recorded from Central Asia ( Doerfelt and Taeglich 1990 ). It is widespread in Europe, reaching as far north as southernmost Fennoscandia. Specimens examined. BELGIUM, W. Vlanderen: Westhoek, 1 Nov. 2012, E. Hultqvist, E. Larsson, M. Jeppson 9618 (GB). CZECH REPUBLIC, Pavlovske vrchy: Devin , 27 Jun. 2008, M. Jeppson 8839 (GB). DENMARK, Jylland: Kjul A , 3 Aug. 1906, J. Lind (C). Jylland: Uggerby A , 29 Dec. 1980, T. Laessoe (C). FRANCE, Nord-France-Pas de Calais: Etaples, Baie de la Canche, littoral sand dunes, 31 Oct. 2012, E. Hultqvist, E. Larsson, M. Jeppson 9596 (GB)*. HUNGARY, Bacs-Kiskun : Kunbaracs, Csaradas, sand steppe vegetation, 2 Nov. 2002, J. Jeppson, M. Jeppson 6014 (GB); Kunbaracs, sand steppe vegetation, 1 Aug. 2008, L. Nagy, M. Jeppson 8815 (GB)*; Orgovany , Orgovanyi retek , Stipeto-festucetum on calcareous sand, 18 Apr. 2009, M. Jeppson 8974 (GB)*; Pest: Oerkeny , military training field, sand steppe vegetation, 2 Nov. 2002, J. Jeppson, M. Jeppson 6036 (GB)*. RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Irkutskaya obl.: Baykal Lake, Olkhon Island, Cape Unschuy, 15 Sept. 2000, H. Knudsen 00.314 (C)*. SLOVAKIA, Nitra : Stitare , 29 Jun. 2009, S. Adamcik , M. Jeppson 9116 (GB); Male Karpaty, Devinska Kobyla, Sandberg, V. Kautman, 22 Nov. 2009 (BRA); Podunajska nizina : Marcelova, Marcelovske Piesky, 25 Jun. 2011, I. Kautmanova , V. Kautman, M. Jeppson 9331 (GB). SWEDEN, Oeland : Lopperstad, sandstaepp med Carex ligerica , 29 May 2005, A. Bohlin, K. Bohlin 050529 (GB)*; Skane : Broesarp , Broesarps norra backar, 15 Dec. 2001, I. Mansson 011215 (GB)*; Degeberga, Soendre klack, 13 Mar. 2016, Oe . Fritz (GB); Maglehem, Kumlans NR, staeppartad torraeng , 15 Dec. 2008, S. Hanson 2008-247 (GB)*.