Order Rodentia - Family Geomyidae Author Wilson, Don E. Author Reeder, DeeAnn text 2005 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2 859 870 book chapter 0-8018-8221-4 10.5281/zenodo.7316535 Geomys Rafinesque 1817 Geomys Rafinesque 1817 , Am. Mon. Mag., 2 (1): 45 . Type Species: Geomys pinetis Rafinesque 1817 Synonyms: Ascomys Lichtenstein 1825 ; Diplostoma Rafinesque 1817 ; Mamgeomyscus Herrera 1899 ; Neterogeomys Gazin 1942 ; Parageomys Hibbard 1944 ; Progeomys Dalquest 1983 ; Pseudostoma Say 1823 ; Saccophorus Kuhl 1820 . Species and subspecies: 9 species with 32 subspecies: Species Geomys attwateri Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys attwateri subsp. attwateri Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys attwateri subsp. ammophilus Davis 1940 Species Geomys arenarius Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys arenarius subsp. arenarius Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys arenarius subsp. brevirostris Hall 1932 Species Geomys breviceps Baird 1855 Subspecies Geomys breviceps subsp. breviceps Baird 1855 Subspecies Geomys breviceps subsp. sagittalis Merriam 1895 Species Geomys bursarius ( Shaw 1800 ) Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. bursarius ( Shaw 1800 ) Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. illinoensis Komarek and Spencer 1931 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. industrius Villa and Hall 1947 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. jugossicularis Hooper 1940 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. lutescens Merriam 1890 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. major Davis 1940 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. majusculus Swenk 1939 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. missouriensis McLaughlin 1958 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. ozarkensis Elrod, Zimmerman, Sudman, and Heidt 2000 Subspecies Geomys bursarius subsp. wisconsinensis Jackson 1957 Species Geomys knoxjonesi Baker and Genoways 1975 Species Geomys personatus True 1889 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. personatus True 1889 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. davisi Williams and Genoways 1981 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. fallax Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. fuscus Davis 1940 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. maritimus Davis 1940 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. megapotamus Davis 1940 Subspecies Geomys personatus subsp. streckeri Davis 1943 Species Geomys pinetis Rafinesque 1817 Subspecies Geomys pinetis subsp. pinetis Rafinesque 1817 Subspecies Geomys pinetis subsp. austrinus Bangs 1898 Subspecies Geomys pinetis subsp. colonus (Bangs 1898) Subspecies Geomys pinetis subsp. cumberlandius (Bangs 1898) Subspecies Geomys pinetis subsp. floridanus (Audubon and Bachman 1853) Subspecies Geomys pinetis subsp. fontanelus (Sherman 1940) Species Geomys texensis Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys texensis subsp. texensis Merriam 1895 Subspecies Geomys texensis subsp. bakeri Smolen, Pitts, and Bickham 1993 Subspecies Geomys texensis subsp. llanensis Bailey 1905 Species Geomys tropicalis Goldman 1915 Discussion: Revised by Merriam (1895 a ) . Species boundaries in this genus, as in other pocket gophers, are difficult to define. Complex relationships have been described for several diagnosable geographic units based on a variety of contact zone analyses that have employed morphological, karyological, allozyme, and/or mitochondrial and nuclear DNA biochemical analyses. These have indicated varying degrees of hybridization between geographically differentiated forms, and authors have varied in their recognition of these entities at the specific or subspecific levels. Hall (1981) recognized five species ( arenarius , bursarius , personatus , pinetis , and tropicalis ). While this set of taxa was regarded as an incomplete recognition of likely species in the genus, Patton (1993) followed Hall, waiting until workers of the genus reached consensus. This has now been achieved, with the nine species listed below generally recognized (see Elrod et al., 2000 ; Jolley et al., 2000 ). Baker and Williams (1974) and Hall (1981) provide keys to some species of Geomys , and Davis and Schmidly (1994) reviewed and mapped the species that occur in Texas . Phylogenetic relationships among species have been examined by comparative karyology ( Smolen and Bickham, 1994 , 1995 ), mitochondrial DNA sequences ( Jolley et al., 2000 ), and morphometrics ( Mauk et al., 1999 ). Qumsiyeh et al. (1988 a ) summarized karyotypic diversity in the genus.