An annotated catalogue of the Buprestidae of Iran (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea) Author Ghahari, Hassan Author Volkovitsh, Mark G. Author Bellamy, Charles L. text Zootaxa 2015 3984 1 1 141 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3984.1.1 30f05c9f-072f-440d-8ac5-b07d47a3f387 1175-5326 245157 318FD9EA-E85D-4AEF-8E02-15EE13295F1B Genus SPHENOPTERA Dejean, 1833 synonym: Depsaria Gistel 1856. Sphenoptera abbaspouri Obenberger (nomen nudum): Radjabi 1968 : 76 (as abbss-pouri ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 138 ; Borumand 2002 : 24 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ). Note. Undescribed species (M. Kalashian, personal communication), specimen(s) deposited in Obenberger’s collection (Prague, Czech Republic ). Sphenoptera abbreviata Jakovlev 1899a : 104 ; Radjabi 1968 : 76 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138 ; Borumand 2002 : 19 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 638 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Ilam ( Borumand 2002 ), Kermanshah ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Record for Iran in Volkovitsh & Kalashian (2006) based on the type specimen of S. abbreviata hetera ( Obenberger 1927a ) , currently a synonym of S. obruta Kerremans 1909 (see below). The presence of this species in Iran needs confirmation. Sphenoptera acuminata Jakovlev 1898a : 331 ; Radjabi 1968 : 76 , 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138 ; Borumand 2002 : 24 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 92 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 639 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Golestan ( Jakovlev 1898a ; Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1929d ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera aeneomicans Kraatz in Heyden & Kraatz 1882 : 317 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 91 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Sakenin et al . 2008: 36; Bellamy 2008b : 640 . synonym: unidentata Jakovlev 1891 : 137 . synonym: veselyi Obenberger 1915 : 53 . synonym: aladaghensis Obenberger 1920a : 116. synonym: aeneofulgens Obenberger 1929d : 26, 120. synonym: persica Obenberger 1929d : 26 , 121; Radjabi 1974 : 40. synonym: ushinskii Obenberger 1929d : 26; 122. synonym: ahriman Obenberger 1929d : 48; Bílý 1983a : 79. synonym: amasiae Obenberger 1929d : 49. synonym: baicalensis Obenberger 1929d : 53. synonym: fabichi Obenberger 1952b : 14. synonym: fleischeri Obenberger 1952b : 15. synonym: moganensis Obenberger 1955a : 12. synonym: hoberlandti Obenberger 1955a : 13 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Bílý 1983a, as ahriman ), Guilan (Sakenin et al . 2008), Khorasan ( type of aladaghensis ) ( Obenberger 1920a , 1929d ), Lorestan ( types of persica , ahriman ) ( Obenberger 1929d ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , China , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera aerata Jakovlev 1887a : 62 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 640 , 652 (as areata ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1887a ; Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927a ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Records for Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , and Uzbekistan in Bellamy (2008b) are dubious. Sphenoptera althaeae Obenberger 1929d : 17 , 112; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 94 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 643 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1929d ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera ambigua ( Klug) 1829 : No. 28 ( Buprestis ); Bílý 1983a : 79 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 644 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Syria ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera amoena Jakovlev 1901a : 183 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 644 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1901a ; Kerremans 1913 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan ( Bellamy 2008b ), Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Note. Records for Armenia and Azerbaijan in Bellamy (2008b) are erroneous. Sphenoptera anthaxoides Reitter 1895a : 42 ; Radjabi 1968 : 79 , 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a : 80 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138 ; Borumand 2002 : 28 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 646 (subgenus Hoplistura ). [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Immatures: Richter 1940 : 241; Alexeev 1981a : 76; Zykov 1995 : 51. Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1940 : 244. Distribution within Iran . East Azarbaijan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Kerman, Tehran ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ), Iraq ( Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera anthracina Jakovlev 1887a : 78 ; Radjabi 1976 : 129 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 646 , Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 237 . synonym: atramentaria Jakovlev 1900 : 500; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of anthracina ), 362. synonym: furva Jakovlev 1908a : 215; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of anthracina ), 362; Barimani et al . 2012 : 192. synonym: tenebricosa Jakovlev 1908a : 215 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of anthracina ), 362. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Astragalus anseanthus , A. gossypinus (Fabaceae) ( Barimani et al . 2012 ). Distribution within Iran . "Perse: Chakhou" ( type of anthracina ) ( Jakovlev 1887a ). Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Fars ( Radjabi 1976 ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Mazandaran ( Barimani et al . 2012 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera antiqua ( Illiger) 1803 : 247 ( Buprestis ); Kalashian et al. 2005b : 97 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 647 . synonym: inaequalis ( Steven) 1829 : 287 ( Buprestis ). synonym: dianthi ( Steven) 1829 : 286 ( Buprestis ). synonym: litigiosa Mannerheim 1837 : 94. synonym: iridiventris Gory & Laporte 1839: 7. synonym: variolosa Kerremans 1898b : 299. synonym: serena Jakovlev 1900 : 407. synonym: quercii Leoni 1911 : 5. synonym: georgica Obenberger 1916 : 248; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of antiqua ), 362. synonym: lineigera Obenberger 1920a : 115; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of antiqua ), 362. synonym: melitta Obenberger 1927a : 88. synonym: oreophila Obenberger 1927a : 90; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of antiqua ), 362. synonym: danaica Obenberger 1927a : 92. synonym: helladicola Obenberger 1927a : 92 (subspecies of georgica ). synonym: korbi Obenberger 1927a : 93; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of antiqua ), 362. synonym: ausonica Obenberger 1927a : 95 (subspecies of antiqua ). synonym: earo Obenberger 1929d : 27, 123. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Immatures: Bílý 1999 : 15. Biology/Bionomy: Bílý 2003 : 72. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Algeria , Armenia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , France , Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Iraq , Israel , Italy , Macedonia , Moldavia , Morocco , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Slovakia , Spain , Turkey , Ukraine , former Yugoslavia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera antiqua pernitens Obenberger 1927a : 94 (subspecies of antiqua ); Radjabi 1968 : 76 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138 ; Borumand 2002 : 19 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 649 . Distribution within Iran . Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Note. The records for Iran may refer to the next subspecies. Sphenoptera antiqua ramosula Obenberger 1927a : 95 (subspecies of antiqua ); Bílý 1983a : 77 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 649 . Distribution within Iran . East Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Sphenoptera arcana Jakovlev 1908a : 211 ; Obenberger 1927a : 46 , 53; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 97 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 650 . synonym: assuricola Obenberger 1920a : 121. synonym: baghdadensis Obenberger 1929b : 13. synonym: heliochaera Obenberger 1929d : 17, 111 (variety of assuricola ). synonym: morgani Obenberger 1929d : 18 , 114 (part.). synonym: stella Obenberger 1952b : 5. synonym: teheranica Obenberger 1952b : 6. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . "Perse septentrionale" ( Jakovlev 1908a ; Obenberger 1927a ). Fars ( Obenberger 1952b, type of stella ), Lorestan ( paralectotype of morgani ), Tehran ( Jakovlev 1908a , lectotype of arcana ; Obenberger 1952b , type of teheranica ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera arguta Jakovlev 1900c : 440 (subgenus Hoplandrocneme ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 360 ; Bellamy 2008b : 652 . [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1900 ; Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927f ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera armena ( Steven) 1829 : 286 ( Buprestis ); Kalashian et al. 2005b : 93 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 652 ( Sphenoptera s.str. ). [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . West Azarbaijan ( Steven 1829 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera artemisiae Reitter 1889 : 281 ; Radjabi 1968 : 75 ; Bílý 1983a : 81 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138 ; Borumand 2002 : 25 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 653 . synonym: caucasica Jakovlev 1891 : 138 . synonym: molitor Reitter 1890e : 170 (variety of artemisiae ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of artemisiae ). [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1903a , var. molitor ; Kerremans 1913 ), Qazvin ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Israel , Turkey , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera balassogloi Jakovlev 1885 : 131 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 339 , 2006: 360; Bellamy 2008b : 655 . synonym: protracta Jakovlev 1885 : 133 . synonym: flagrans Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1896b : 348. synonym: morawitzi Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1897 : 248; Bílý 1983a : 81. synonym: venusta Jakovlev 1904b : 309 (subgenus Hoplandrocneme ). [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Bushehr ( Bílý 1983a, as morawitzi ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Iraq , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 ). * Sphenoptera bellatrix Obenberger 1927f : 185 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 360 ; Bellamy 2008b : 660 . [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Note. The record for Iran in Bellamy (2008) is doubtful, this species is described and known only from Iraq ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Sphenoptera bicarinata Jakovlev 1887a : 77 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Bellamy 2008b : 662 , Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 413. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1887a ; Obenberger 1927a ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). * Sphenoptera bodemeyeri Jakovlev 1900 : 501 ; Radjabi 1968 : 76 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 20 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Bellamy 2008b : 663 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. synonym: quadrata Kerremans 1909 : 279 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 770 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of bodemeyeri ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Isfahan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). Note. The record for Iran needs confirmation. Sphenoptera boisduvali Obenberger 1927a : 77 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Sakenin et al . 2008: 35; Bellamy 2008b : 664 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae) (Sakenin et al . 2008). Distribution within Iran . Mazandaran (Sakenin et al . 2008), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Note. Record for Fraxinus as a host plant (Sakenin et al . 2008) is doubtful. Sphenoptera cauta Jakovlev 1904a : 183 ; Bílý 1983a : 79 (as palea Obenberger); Kalashian et al . 2005a : 80 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 353 ; Bellamy 2008b : 669 ; Barimani et al . 2009 : 65 , 2010: 131; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: maja Jakovlev 1908b : 516 synonym: wagneri Obenberger 1926b : 197, 200. synonym: dryadis Obenberger 1926b : 208. synonym: rambouseki Théry, 1928 : 132. synonym: petriceki Obenberger 1952c : 57. synonym: danubiana Obenberger 1952c : 58 ( nomen novum for parvula Auctorum ). synonym: damascena Obenberger 1952c : 58. synonym: iberica Obenberger 1952c : 88. synonym: oeneis Obenberger 1952c : 88. [subgenus Chilostetha ]. Immatures: Alexeev 1981a : 76 (as palea ). Biology/Bionomy: Bílý 2003 : 73 (as petriceki ). Distribution within Iran . Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a , as palea ; Barimani et al . 2009 , 2010 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Austria , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Greece , Hungary , Italy , Jordan , Macedonia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain , Syria , Turkey (subsp. cauta ), Kazakhstan , Russia , Ukraine (subsp. palea ) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera chalybea Ménétriés 1848 : 30 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Bellamy 2008b : 671 . synonym: askhabadensis Obenberger 1927a : 62 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of chalybea ), 363. synonym: schelli Obenberger 1927a : 62 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (as halybae ) (with bibliography). Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , * Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Records for Iran and Azerbaijan in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation. Sphenoptera chusistanica Obenberger 1926b : 201 ; Bílý 1983a : 79 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 353 ; Bellamy 2008b : 673 . [subgenus Chilostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Bílý 1983a ), Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1926b ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera clarescens Kerremans 1909 : 283 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Bellamy 2008b : 673 ( Chilostetha ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Chondrilla juncea L., Lactuca orientalis (Boiss.) , Cichorium intybus L. (Astreraceae); under laboratory condition: Lactuca sativa L., Cichorium endivia L., Taraxacum officinale Weber , Sonchus aster (L.), Scorzonera hispanica L., Calendula officinalis L., Chrysanthemum sp. ( Asteraceae ) ( Hasan 1978 ). Biology/Bionomy: Hasan 1978 : 19. Immatures: Hasan 1978 : 19. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927a ; Hasan 1978 ), Tehran ( Hasan 1978 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Note. Species studied by Hasan (1978) as a potential candidate for biological control of skeleton weed ( Chondrilla juncea L.) in Tehran have possibly been misidentified. A few specimens collected by Hasan near Tehran and deposited in Obenberger’s collection (NMPC) were re-identified as S . ( Deudora ) aeneomicans Kr. (M. Kalashian, personal communication). Sphenoptera coerulea Jakovlev 1898b : 559 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 674 . [subgenus Cyphostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1898b ; Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927a ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkey , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera coracina ( Steven) 1829 : 286 ( Buprestis ); Salavatian 1950 : 9 ; Radjabi 1968 : 76 , 77; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 20 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Bellamy 2008b : 676 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 410. synonym: babel Marseul 1865 : 340; Radjabi 1968 : 76 (variety of coracina ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 (variety of coracina ). synonym: clauda Marseul 1865 : 341; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 363. synonym: quadrifoveolata Marseul 1865 : 356. synonym: parnassica Jakovlev 1887a : 74. synonym: crassiceps Jakovlev 1887a : 75; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 363. synonym: thoracica Jakovlev 1887a : 80; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 364. synonym: dichroa Jakovlev 1887b : 112; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 363. synonym: aethiops Jakovlev 1891 : 129; Théry 1925 : 80; Radjabi 1968 : 76; Bílý 1983a : 75 (as ethiops [sic!]); Modarres Awal 1997 : 138; Borumand 2002 :19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 363; Sakenin et al . 2008: 36. synonym: rugata Kerremans 1903 : 112. synonym: hartmanni Obenberger 1927a : 11; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 363. synonym: mrazi Obenberger 1927a : 30. synonym: poetica Obenberger 1927a : 35. synonym: korenskyi Obenberger 1927a : 37, 41; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of coracina ), 363. synonym: tatarica Obenberger 1927a : 38. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Rosa canina (Rosaceae) (Sakenin et al . 2008). Distribution within Iran . Fars , Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 , Bílý 1983a , as ethiops ; Borumand 2002 , as aethiops ), Golestan (Sakenin et al . 2008, as aethiops ), Hamadan, Zanjan ( Théry 1925, as aethiops ), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as aethiops ), Kerman, Khuzestan, Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a, as ethiops ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1927a , as aethiops ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bulgaria , Georgia , Greece , Iraq , Israel , Macedonia , Lebanon , Russia , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. The record of Rosa as a host plant is erroneous, this species outside Iran associated with Astragalus (Fabaceae) . Sphenoptera cunea Marseul 1865 : 346 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 679 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Marseul 1865 ; Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927a ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera cuprifrons Faldermann, 1835 : 153 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 680 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Isfahan, Khorasan, Lorestan ( Marseul 1865 ; Kerremans 1912 ; Obenberger 1927a ). Distribution outside Iran . "Transcaucasia" ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Dubious species; the type depositary is unknown. * Sphenoptera curta Jakovlev 1885 : 131 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 96 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 681 . synonym: caspica Jakovlev 1904a : 184 . synonym: plavilscikovi Obenberger 1952b : 18; Bílý 1983a : 78. [subgenus Deudora ]. Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (as caspica ). Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Bílý 1983a, as plavilscikovi ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Probably misidentification; this species is distributed in the Middle Asian sandy deserts. Sphenoptera cyanea Jakovlev 1898b : 558 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 682 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afganistan , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera cyaneoniger Kerremans 1909 : 275 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 682 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan (as cyaneonigra [sic!]) ( Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera cylindricollis Marseul 1866 : 401 ; Bílý 1983a : 82 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 683 . synonym: henonii Fairmaire in Fairmaire & Coquerel 1866 : 26. synonym: alfredi Reitter 1900 : 85. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Bushehr ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Algeria , Egypt (Sinai), Morocco , Saudi Arabia , Tunisia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera dadkhani Obenberger, 1955b : 90 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 684 . [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca ; Rosaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution outside Iran . India , Pakistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Most probably a misidentification of S. servistana Obenberger 1929 ; species is known only from Pakistan . Sphenoptera davatchii Descarpentries 1960 : 175 ; Radjabi 1968 : 79 , 1972: 38, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 28 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 684 (subgenus Hoplistura ); Ghobari et al. 2012 : 238 . [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Immatures: Radjabi 1971 : 208. Biology/Bionomy: Radjabi 1971 : 203-227, 1972: 38. Host plant(s) within Iran . Prunus sp. ( Rosaceae ) ( Descarpentries 1960 ); Almond ( Amygdalus sp.), apricot, garden plum, peach, plum, sour cherry ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ) and many other cold region fruit trees ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . East Azarbaijan, Fars , Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Yazd ( Radjabi 1976 ), generally distributed ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Behdad 1988 ; Zomorrodi 1990 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Note. Two parasitoid wasps, Heydenia pretiosa Förster, 1856 ( Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae ) (4♀, 1♂ ) and Eupelmus muellneri Ruschka, 1921 ( Hymenoptera : Eupelmidae ) (2♀) were collected as the parasitoids of Sphenoptera davatchii in Piranshahr (West Azarbaijan province). Sphenoptera demissa Marseul 1865 : 365 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 98 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 685 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 237 . synonym: ganglbaueri Jakovlev 1886 : 85; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: komarovi Jakovlev 1886 : 86; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: obscura Jakovlev 1891 : 130 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: profusa Kerremans 1909 : 277; Bílý 1983a : 76; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: agrippina Kerremans 1911 : 633; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: ajax Kerremans 1913 : 137; Radjabi 1968 , 1976 : 129; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: breiti Obenberger 1920a : 117. synonym: shahrudensis Obenberger 1927a : 55 (variety of ajax ); Salavatian 1950 : 10; Radjabi 1968 : 76, 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a : 76; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138; Borumand 2002 : 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. synonym: kaszabi Obenberger 1963 : 321; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of demissa ), 364. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars (as ajax shahrudensis ) ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913 , types of agrippina , profusa ; Obenberger 1927a , as agrippina , profusa ), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a, as profusa ), Semnan ( type of shahrudensis ) ( Obenberger 1927a ), Tehran ( Bílý 1983a, as ajax shahrudensis ), "Perse" ( type of ganglbaueri ) ( Jakovlev 1886 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , "Caucasus", Iraq , Turkey , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera eddin Jakovlev 1903a : 266 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001 : 197 , 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b : 692 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1903a ; Kerremans 1913 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Pakistan (subspecies pakistana Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001 ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera edmundi Jakovlev 1900b : 425 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 692 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 207 . synonym: oporina Jakovlev 1903b : 386; Radjabi 1968 : 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140; Borumand 2002 : 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366; Bellamy 2008b : 753; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 207 (synonym of edmundi ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Borumand 2002 , as oporina , var.?), Tehran ( Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as oporina ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkey (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 ). Sphenoptera esfandiarii Obenberger (nomen nudum): Radjabi 1968 : 76 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 25 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ). Note. Undescribed species (M. Kalashian, personal communication), specimen(s) deposited in Obenberger’s collection (Prague, Czech Republic ). Sphenoptera eugenii Jakovlev 1898b : 554 ; Bílý 1983a : 78 (as eugeni ); Borumand 2002 : 20 (as eugeni ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 695 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 207 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: cyaniventris Obenberger 1927a : 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364; Bellamy 2008b : 682; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 207 (synonym of eugenii ). synonym: leonhardi Obenberger 1927a : 25; Salavatian 1950 : 9; Radjabi 1968 : 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365; Bellamy 2008b : 730; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 207 (synonym of eugenii ). synonym: maga Obenberger, 1927a : 26; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365; Bellamy 2008b : 735; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 207 (synonym of eugenii ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . " Persia : Poucht-é Kouh" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of leonhardi ). Alborz ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Obenberger 1927a, type of leonhardi ), Fars ( Obenberger 1927a , type of maga ; Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as leonhardi ), Semnan ( Borumand 2002 ), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as leonhardi ), Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of cyaniventris ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of leonhardi ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera euplecta Obenberger 1927a : 89 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 695 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . " Persia : Aghir Dagh" ( Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera exarata (Fischer von Waldheim) 1824: 169 ( Buprestis ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 695 . synonym: dejeanii ( Zubkov) 1829 : 156 ( Buprestis ); Farahbakhsh 1960 : 76; Radjabi 1968 : 77; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 20. synonym: spectabilis Kraatz in Heyden & Kraatz 1883a : 345. synonym: prosternalis Jakovlev 1885 : 130. synonym: interrupta Kerremans 1909 : 276. synonym: araxana Obenberger 1915 : 52; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of exarata ), 364. synonym: nomadica Obenberger 1916 : 247; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of exarata ), 364. synonym: sumakovi Obenberger 1927a : 29; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of exarata ), 364. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) (as dejeani ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Mazandaran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Tehran ( Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1927a ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera excavata Faldermann 1835 : 154 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 696 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Note. Dubious species, type depositary is unknown, probably a synonym of S. antiqua . Sphenoptera exoleta Jakovlev 1908a : 217 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364 ; Bellamy 2008b : 696 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. synonym: politipennis Obenberger 1927a : 12, 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366; Bellamy 2008b : 764; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of exoleta ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . "Perse septentrionale: monts Kuldzhar" ( Jakovlev 1908a ; Obenberger 1927a ). Golestan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of politipennis ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera finitima Jakovlev 1908a : 225 , 227; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 95 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 698 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1908a ; Obenberger 1929d ; Bellamy 2008b ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera formosula Obenberger 1927d : 27 ; Bílý 1983a : 82 ; Borumand 2002 : 25 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 699 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Semnan ( Obenberger 1927d ), Qom ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera fossa Kerremans 1909 : 271 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 699 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Kerremans 1912 ; Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera freyi Théry 1942 : 274 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 700 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Théry 1942 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera fulgens Gory 1841 : 309 ; Bílý 1983a : 81 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 700 ( Hoplistura ). synonym: chalcichroa Obenberger 1914d : 132. synonym: arenosa Obenberger 1924a : 125 (subspecies of chalcichroa ). [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Immatures: Mateu 1974 : 198. Biology/Bionomy: Mateu 1974 : 201. Distribution within Iran . Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Algeria , Chad , Democratic Republic of Congo , Egypt , Ethiopia , Israel , Libya , Mauritania , Moçambique , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Somalia , South Africa , Sudan ( Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera glasunovi Jakovlev 1903a : 273 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 338 , 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b : 704 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1903a ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera hauseri Reitter 1895a : 34 ; Radjabi 1968 : 75 (with var. expectanda Obenberger ); Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 (with var. expectana [sic!] Obenberger); Borumand 2002 : 25 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 337 , 2006: 355; Bellamy 2008b : 707 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography). Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) on Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 , sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ). Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1903a ; Kerremans 1913 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera hayeki Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2007 : 38 ; Bellamy 2008b : 708 . [subgenus Chilostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . Hormozgan ( Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2007 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera heroica Jakovlev 1903a : 270 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 708 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1903a ), "Perse septentrionale" ( Kerremans 1913 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera hetita Obenberger 1927a : 13 ; Bílý 1983a : 78 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 708 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Astragalus melananthus ( Bílý 1983a ) . Distribution within Iran . Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera hypocrita Mannerheim 1837 : 92 ; Radjabi 1968 : 77 ; Borumand 2002 : 21 ; Kalashian et al . 2005b : 97 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 710 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 405; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 237 . synonym: sieversi Jakovlev 1887a : 82. synonym: torrida Jakovlev 1898b : 553; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 367; Bellamy 2008b : 804; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 405 (synonym of hypocrita ). synonym: ixion Kerremans 1912 : 74; Radjabi 1968 : 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 21; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365; Bellamy 2008: 719; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 405 (synonym of hypocrita ). synonym: ordubadensis Obenberger 1916 : 250; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of hypocrita ), 365. synonym: funebralis Obenberger 1927a : 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of hypocrita ), 365. synonym: erdshmiadzini Obenberger 1927a : 20; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of hypocrita ), 365. synonym: turkmenica Obenberger 1927a : 44; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of hypocrita ), 365. synonym: glabricollis Obenberger 1929d : 33, 129. synonym: levantina Obenberger 1929d : 33. 130; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of hypocrita ), 365. synonym: dlabolai Obenberger 1955a : 11 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of hypocrita ), 365. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 , as ixion ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad, Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 , as ixion ), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1912 , type of ixion ; Obenberger 1927a , 1929d , types of funebralis, levantina ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Jordan , Pakistan Russia , Turkey , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera ignita Reitter 1895a : 33 ; Radjabi 1968 : 76 (with var. monochroa Obenberger ); Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 (with var. monochroa Obenberger ); Borumand 2002 : 26 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 334 , 2006: 356; Bellamy 2008b : 712 . synonym: aurora Semenov-Tian-Shanskij 1897 : 249. synonym: prasinula Obenberger 1937b : 91; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of ignita ), 356. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) on Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 , sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ). Distribution within Iran . Khorasan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ); Sistan & Baluchestan ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ). Distribution outside Iran . Kazakhstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera incerta Jakovlev 1887a : 57 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 92 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 714 . synonym: dolens Jakovlev 1893a : 133. synonym: confusa Kerremans 1913 : 104. synonym: joukli Obenberger 1929d : 118. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927a , types of confusa , var. limbifera ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera inculta Obenberger 1929d : 42 ; Bílý 1983a : 78 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 92 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 714 . misidentification: confusa Kerremans 1913 : 104 (part.). [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( lectotype of inculta ), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1929d ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera kaznakowi Jakovlev 1899b : 295 ; Bílý 1983a : 80 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 721 ( Hoplistura ). [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Immatures: Alexeev 1981a : 76; Zykov 1995 : 49. Distribution within Iran . Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera kermanshahensis Obenberger 1952a : 4 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 721 ; Kalashian in Bílý et al. 2011 : 203 . [subgenus Paradeudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Kermanshah ( Obenberger 1952a ; Kalashian in Bílý et al. 2011 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Syria , UAE (Kalashian in Bílý et al. 2011 ). Sphenoptera koenigi Jakovlev 1891 : 133 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 93 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 723 . synonym: integripennis Obenberger 1929d : 20, 116. synonym: alma Obenberger 1952b : 11. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Golestan (as integripennis ) ( Obenberger 1929d ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Kalashian et al. 2005b ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera lalage Obenberger 1927f : 179 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 361 ; Bellamy 2008b : 726 . [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1927f ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera lapidaria ( Brullé) 1832 : 134 ( Buprestis ); Radjabi 1968 : 77 ; 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 22 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 726 ; Ghobari et al. 2012 : 237 . synonym: carcelii Gory & Laporte 1839: 21; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of lapidaria ), 365. synonym: hellenica Obenberger 1913b : 87 . synonym: caucasicola Obenberger 1927a : 56 (variety of lapidaria ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of lapidaria ), 365. synonym: ogloblini Obenberger 1927a : 56; Radjabi 1968 : 77; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of lapidaria ), 365. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Immatures: Özer & Duran 1968 : 26 (as carcelii ). Distribution within Iran . " Persia : Aghir Dagh" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of var. cyanina ). East Azarbaijan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Fars ( Radjabi 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Khorasan ( Borumand 2002, as ogloblini ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012 ), Lorestan ( type of ogloblini ) ( Obenberger 1927a ), Mazandaran (as ogloblini ) ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Tehran, Yazd ( Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bulgaria , France , Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Iraq , Israel , Italy , Lebanon , Russia , Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera laticeps Jakovlev 1886 : 94 ; Borumand 2002 : 22 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 729 . synonym: strigosa Jakovlev 1887a : 71; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of laticeps ), 365. synonym: montana Jakovlev 1887b : 113 . synonym: massagetica Obenberger 1920a : 109; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of laticeps ), 365. synonym: tadjika Obenberger 1927a : 74; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of laticeps ), 365. synonym: memnonia Obenberger 1927a : 79 (subspecies of laticeps ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of laticeps ), 365. synonym: montivaga Obenberger 1927a : 80 (subspecies of propinqua ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of laticeps ), 365. synonym: karakusensis Obenberger 1927a : 80 (subspecies of propinqua ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of laticeps ), 365. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Immatures: Rodd 1928 : 1 (as montana ). Biology/Bionomy: Rodd 1928 : 1 (as montana ). Distribution within Iran . East Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia , Tajikistan , Turkey , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Probably misidentification; this species does not occur in adjacent regions of Central and Middle Asia. Its occurrence in Iran and Turkey is doubtful. Sphenoptera lia Jakovlev 1901a : 168 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Ghahari et al . 2008 : 639 ; Bellamy 2008b : 731 ; Havaskary et al . 2012 : 1 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Mountain almond, Amygdalis scoparia Spash (Rosaceae) ( Ghahari et al . 2008 ). Distribution within Iran . East Azarbaijan ( Havaskary et al . 2012 ), Golestan ( Ghahari et al . 2008 ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Record in Havaskary et al . (2012) is dubious, though the species may occur in Northern Iran eastwards of the Caspian Sea. Sphenoptera ligulata Jakovlev 1904a : 178 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 361 ; Bellamy 2008b : 731 . [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1904a ; Kerremans 1914 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera magna Gory & Laporte 1839: 3 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 735 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 413. synonym: alexandri Obenberger 1927a : 33; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 367 (synonym of tragacanthae ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 413 (synonym of magna ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Hamadan ( Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera manderstjernae Jakovlev 1886 : 94 ; Radjabi 1974 : 40 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 22 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365 ; Bellamy 2008b : 736 . synonym: bucharae Obenberger 1927a : 78; 1930b: 219; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of manderstjernae ), 366. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Radjabi 1974 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . China , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Doubtful record. This species is not recorded from adjacent regions. Sphenoptera manifesta Jakovlev 1900 : 428 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 96 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 736 . synonym: megarauca Obenberger 1952b : 21. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera merkli Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 : 205 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Kermanshah, Lorestan (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2008 ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera mesopotamica Marseul 1865 : 389 ; Salavatian 1950 : 10 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 76 ; Radjabi 1968 : 77 ; Bílý 1983a : 81 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 ; Borumand 2002 : 27 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 340 , 2006: 361; Bellamy 2008b : 740 . synonym: fairmairei Marseul 1866 : 528 ; Salavatian 1950 : 9; Radjabi 1968 : 77, 1976: 129; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 27. synonym: pelletii Mulsant & Rey 1866 : 87; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 340 ( lectotype ). synonym: turkestanica Jakovlev 1885 : 133. synonym: fulgurans Obenberger 1920a : 128. synonym: deserti Obenberger 1920a : 129 (subspecies of mesopotamica ). synonym: sartica Obenberger 1927f : 171 (subspecies of mesopotamica ). synonym: namanganensis Obenberger 1927f : 176. [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography). Host plant(s) within Iran . Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 , sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Fars (as fairmairei ) ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Khorasan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Iraq , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera micans Jakovlev 1886 : 93 ; Bílý 1983a : 78 ; Borumand 2002 : 25 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 95 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 358 ; Bellamy 2008b : 741 . synonym: binominata Kerremans 1913 : 577 ( nomen novum for aenea Kraatz ). synonym: irritatrix Obenberger 1929d : 37 (correct subsequent spelling validated by subsequent usage, ICZN 1999, Article 33.3.1). synonym: viridatrix Obenberger 1929d : 37 (unused original spelling). synonym: shah Obenberger 1929d : 37. synonym: escalerae Obenberger 1929d : 39 , 43. synonym: pseudomicans Obenberger 1929d : 42. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Golestan ( Jakovlev 1886 , type of micans ; Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1929d ; Obenberger 1929d , type of pseudomicans ), Kerman ( Borumand 2002 ), Tehran ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1929d , type of shah ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera misella Jakovlev 1900 : 415 ; Kalashian et al . 2005b : 92 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 742 . synonym: liliputana Obenberger 1929d : 52. synonym: callimicra Obenberger 1929d : 53, 115. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Obenberger 1929d, type of callimicra ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Georgia , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera moesta Jakovlev 1887a : 64 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 743 . synonym: uncta Kerremans 1909 : 277 ; Radjabi 1968 : 77 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Borumand 2002 : 24 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of moesta ), 366. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913 , type of uncta ; Obenberger 1927a , as uncta ), Sistan & Baluchestan (as uncta ) ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Jakovlev 1887a ; Kerremans 1913 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. * Sphenoptera motschulskyi Obenberger 1926a : 17 ; Bílý 1983a : 81 ( motschulski ); Bellamy 2008b : 745 . [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Hormozgan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . India ( Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Record for Iran ( Bílý 1983a ) needs confirmation; this species was described from East India (Madras). Sphenoptera nausicaa Obenberger 1927a : 21 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 746 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( type , Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera nox Jakovlev 1900 : 445 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2002 : 170 ; 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b : 749 . [subgenus Cyphostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1900 ; Kerremans 1913 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera obruta Kerremans 1909 : 275 ; Obenberger 1927a : 21 (as abbreviata , non Jakovlev 1899, misidentification); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 751 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. synonym: hetera Obenberger 1927a : 21 (subspecies of abbreviata ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 362 ; Bellamy 2008b : 638 (subspecies of abbreviata ); Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of obruta ). synonym: chalcosoma Obenberger 1927a : 43 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363 ; Bellamy 2008b : 671 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406 (synonym of obruta ). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927a, as abbreviata ), central parts of Iran ( Obenberger 1927a, type of hetera ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b , as abbreviata hetera ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia (as chalcosoma ), Syria ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). Sphenoptera oertzeni Jakovlev 1887b : 115 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 369 ; Bellamy 2008b : 751 ( Hoplistura ). synonym: deltae Obenberger 1924a : 123 . [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Cyprus , Egypt , Greece , Israel , Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera oresitropha Obenberger 1927a : 31 ; Bílý 1983a : 76 ; Borumand 2002 : 24 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 753 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Borumand 2002 ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad, Mazandaran, Tehran ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera parumpunctata ( Klug) 1829 : No. 33 ( Buprestis ); Bílý 1983a : 79 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 56 (subgenus Chrysoblemma ), 356; Bellamy 2008b : 758 . synonym: houskai Obenberger 1946 : 27; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of parumpunctata ), 356. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Bushehr ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Algeria , Chad , Egypt (Sinai), Israel , Jordan , Morocco , Saudi Arabia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera parysatis Obenberger 1929d : 43 , 241; Bílý 1983a : 79 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 95 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 759 . synonym: isfahanensis Obenberger 1952b : 8. synonym: proserpina Obenberger 1952b : 10. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Obenberger 1929d, type of parysatis ), Isfahan ( Obenberger 1952b, types of isfahanensis and proserpina ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera perroteti Guérin-Méneville 1840 : 328 ; Bílý 1983a : 80 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 361 ; Bellamy 2008b : 760 . synonym: angustata Thomson 1878 : 72. [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Distribution within Iran . Bushehr, Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan (subspecies afganica ), India , Sri Lanka ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera puberula Jakovlev 1887b : 116 ; Kalashian et al. 2005a : 80 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 767 . synonym: rauda Jakovlev 1908b : 515. synonym: cataonia Obenberger 1926b : 209. synonym: seriatosetosa Obenberger 1926b : 210. synonym: inderiensis Obenberger 1927e : 73. [subgenus Chilostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera quezeli Descarpentries & Bruneau de Miré 1963 : 173 ; Bílý 1983a : 82 (as quetzeli ); Borumand 2002 : 26 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 356 ; Bellamy 2008b : 770 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) on Tamarix mascatensis (Tamaricaceae) ( Bílý 1983a ). Distribution within Iran . Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Algeria , Chad , Egypt (Sinai), Israel , Jordan , Saudi Arabia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera rangnowi Kerremans 1909 : 273 ; Théry 1925 : 80 ; Salavatian 1950 : 9 ; Radjabi 1968 : 77 ; Bílý 1983a : 77 (as rangowi ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Borumand 2002 : 24 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 771 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 412. synonym: strandiana Obenberger 1927a : 42; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of rangnowi ), 366. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . " Persia : Ardilan" ( type of strandiana ) ( Obenberger 1927a ). Fars ( Salavatian 1950 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Hamadan, Zanjan ( Théry 1925 ), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1909 , type of rangnowi , 1912 ; Obenberger 1927a ), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera rauca ( Fabricius) 1787 : 177 ( Buprestis ); Farahbakhsh 1960 : 76 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 771 . synonym: metallica (Fabricius) 1792b: 210 ( Buprestis ). synonym: striola ( Illiger) 1803 : 94 ( Buprestis ). synonym: geminata ( Illiger) 1803 : 244 ( Buprestis ). synonym: bassii Gory & Laporte 1839: 13. synonym: similis Gory & Laporte 1839: 14. synonym: bravaisii Gory & Laporte 1839: 30. synonym: carduorum Chevrolat 1840: 14. synonym: celtiberica Gory 1841 : 302. synonym: africana Jakovlev 1900b : 402 (variety of rauca ). synonym: heliobia Obenberger 1929b : 55. [subgenus Deudora ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Wild artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus , Asteraceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Northern provinces ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Algeria , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Egypt , France , Greece , Italia , Lybia, Macedonia , Morocco , Portugal , Romania , Spain , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , former Yugoslavia ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Most probably a misidentification; probably records for Iran refer to S. aeneomicans Kraatz. Records for Armenia , Azerbaijan , Czech Republic , Hungary , Sudan in Bellamy (2008b) are doubtful. Sphenoptera repetekensis Obenberger 1927a : 80 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 775 . synonym: budshnurdi Obenberger 1927a : 71 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of repetekensis ), 366. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography). Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Obenberger 1927a, type of budshnurdi ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera rugulosa Faldermann 1835 : 151 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 776 . synonym: cribrata Faldermann 1835 : 152 ; Radjabi 1968 : 77 (variety of morio Jakovlev); Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 (variety of morio Jakovlev). [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 , Modarres Awal 1997 , as morio , var.?), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera sancta Reitter 1890a : 277 , 280; Radjabi 1968 : 76 ; Bílý 1983a : 81 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Borumand 2002 : 26 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 356 ; Bellamy 2008b : 777 . synonym: roseicollis Obenberger 1937c : 92 (variety of sancta ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of sancta ), 356. synonym: quadrisignatula Obenberger 1937d : 110 (variety of sancta ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of sancta ), 356. synonym: taborskyi Obenberger 1955a : 15. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Immatures: Zykov & Kalashian 1991 : 205. Distribution within Iran . Guilan, Khorasan, Qazvin, West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a ), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan ,? Israel , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera saxosa Kerremans 1909 : 283 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 778 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913 ; Obenberger 1927a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera scovitzii ( Faldermann) 1835 : 155 ( Buprestis ); Radjabi 1968 : 76 (as sowitzi ); Bílý 1983a : 82 (as sovitzi ); Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119 (as sovitzi ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Borumand 2002 : 26 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 356 ; Bellamy 2008b : 779 . synonym: latescutata Fairmaire 1892b : cliii (preoccupied by latescutata Jakovlev 1886 ). synonym: transcaspica Jakovlev 1893b : 448 ( nomen novum for latesulcata Jakovlev 1893, superfluous name); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of scovitzii ), 56 (comment), 357. synonym: rhododactyla Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1897 : 251; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001 : 198; 2006: 357. synonym: angelica Obenberger 1915 : 55. synonym: combinatrix Obenberger 1920a : 124. synonym: vachshenica Stepanov 1959 : 59. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a , 1975b ; Kaplin 1981 ; Korotyaev et al . 2005 . Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ); on Haloxylon (Chenopodiaceae) , Calligonum (Polygonaceae) ( Borumand 2002 ). Distribution within Iran . Bushehr, Kerman, Khuzestan, Qazvin, Qom, Tehran, West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a ), Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Isfahan, Khorasan ( Borumand 2002 ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Jakovlev 1903a ; Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Marseul 1866 ; Kerremans 1913 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Chad , Egypt , Iraq , Israel , Kazakhstan ,? Kyrgyzstan , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera sculpticollis Heyden 1886 : 278 ; Salavatian 1950 : 10 (var.?); Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 94 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 780 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: akbesiana Obenberger 1920a : 120 ; Borumand 2002 : 24 . synonym: alutaceiceps Obenberger 1929d : 111. synonym: morgani Obenberger 1929d : 114 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Immatures: Zykov & Kalashian 1991 : 211. Distribution within Iran . Kermanshah ( Salavatian 1950 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Kordestan ( Borumand 2002 , as akbesiana ; Ghobari et al. 2012 ), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1929d ( type of morgani ) , Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Iraq , Israel , Lebanon , Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera semenovi Jakovlev 1889 : 85 ( ssemenovi ; subgenus Oplistura ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 339 , 2006: 362; Bellamy 2008b : 781 . synonym: prosternalis Reitter 1890a : 279 (preoccupied by prosternalis Jakovlev 1885 ). synonym: reitteri Jakovlev 1891 : 139 (subgenus Oplistura ); Radjabi 1968 : 76, 1974: 40; Bílý 1983a : 81; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140; Borumand 2002 : 27. synonym: sagitta Semenov-Tian-Shanskij 1899 : 651 (subgenus Hoplandrocneme ). synonym: lamaica Obenberger 1920a : 126. synonym: jedlickai Obenberger 1927f : 187. [subgenus Hoplistura ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) on Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Borumand 2002 ). Distribution within Iran . Hormozgan ( Bílý 1983a, as reitteri ), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927f , type of jedlickai ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 , 1974 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as reitteri ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , China , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera servistana Obenberger 1929c : 60 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 340 , 2006: 369; Bellamy 2008b : 783 ( Hoplistura ); Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: kambyses Obenberger 1930a : 104; Salavatian 1950 : 10 (as cambyses ); Davatchi et al . 1959 : 245 (as cambyses ); Farahbakhsh 1960 : 76 (as cambyses ); Radjabi 1968 : 79, 1972: 38; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 33, 70 (as cambyses ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 28 (as cambyses ). synonym: dhiaahmedi Cobos 1956 : 29. [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Immatures: Davatchi et al. 1959 : 246 (as cambyses ); Radjabi 1971 : 210 (as kambyses ); Zykov 1995 : 42 (as kambyses ). Biology/Bionomy: Radjabi 1971 : 203-227, 1972: 38 (as kambyses ). Host plant(s) within Iran . Almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae )?pistachio ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) (as kambyses ) ( Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ); Prunus ( Cerasus ) spp., trunks and branches, Pistacia spp., buds ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ); polyphagous ( Davatchi et al . 1959 ). Distribution within Iran . Azarbaijan, Kermanshah ( Davatchi et al . 1959 , Farahbakhsh 1960 , Abai & Adeli 1984 , as kambyses ), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari and central provinces ( Abai & Adeli 1984, as cambyses ), Fars ( Obenberger 1929c , type of servistana ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 , as kambyses ), Isfahan ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 , as kambyses ), Khorasan ( Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 , as kambyses ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Tehran ( Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 , Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 , as kambyses ), Yazd ( Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 , as kambyses ), generally distributed ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1961; Radjabi 1991 ; Behdad 1988 ; Modarres Awal 1997 , as kambyses ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera signata Jakovlev 1887a : 65 ; Kalashian et al. 2005b : 90 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 784 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: obsoleta Jakovlev 1891 : 136. synonym: satelles Jakovlev 1898a : 331. synonym: addenda Jakovlev 1900 : 413. synonym: jejuna Jakovlev 1900 : 417. synonym: detrita Jakovlev 1902 : 572 . synonym: destituta Obenberger 1929d : 25, 46. synonym: julia Obenberger 1929d : 50. synonym: araxicola Obenberger 1929d : 50. synonym: buresi Obenberger 1932 : 61. synonym: hierosolymitana Obenberger 1946 : 25. synonym: jureceki Obenberger 1946 : 26. synonym: arsinoe Obenberger 1952b : 22; Bílý 1983a : 79. synonym: gyaurdagensis Obenberger 1955a : 14. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Alborz, Tehran, West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a, as arsinoe ), Fars ( Obenberger 1952b, type of arsinoe ), Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1929d, type of julia ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bulgaria , Greece , Israel , Jordan , Syria , Turkey , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Sphenoptera simplex Jakovlev 1893a : 130 ; Kalashian et al . 2005b : 95 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 786 ; Barimani et al . 2009 : 65 . synonym: fraterna Jakovlev 1900 : 408. synonym: allecta Jakovlev 1900 : 410. synonym: samotica Obenberger 1929d : 32, 128. synonym: ankarana Obenberger 1952b : 17. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Mazandaran ( Barimani et al . 2009 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Greece , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera smyrneensis Gory 1841 : 305 ; Kalashian et al . 2005b : 89 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 359 ; Bellamy 2008b : 787 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: inconspicua Jakovlev 1893a : 134. synonym: congrua Jakovlev 1900 : 419. synonym: anxia Jakovlev 1900 : 420. synonym: captiosa Jakovlev 1902 : 571. synonym: delicata Kerremans 1909 : 279. synonym: subsulcata Kerremans 1909 : 282. synonym: migriensis Obenberger 1916 : 249. synonym: nephele Obenberger 1929d : 43. synonym: cassia Obenberger 1929d : 45; Bílý 1983a : 79. synonym: maronita Obenberger 1929d : 51. synonym: salomonis Obenberger 1952b : 12. synonym: pseudorauca Obenberger 1952b : 13. synonym: agilis Obenberger 1952b : 19. [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1929d, types of nephele , cassia ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1913, type of subsulcata ), Tehran ( Bílý 1983a, as cassia ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera sobrina Jakovlev 1886 : 97 ; Kalashian et al . 2005b : 89 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 360 ; Bellamy 2008b : 789 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . [subgenus Deudora ]. Distribution within Iran . Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera striatipennis Jakovlev 1885 : 132 , 1903a: 255 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 334 , 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b : 791 . synonym: potanini Jakovlev 1889 : 86; Radjabi 1968 : 76; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140; Borumand 2002 : 26 ( potonini ). synonym: procera Reitter 1890a : 277 . synonym: cyaneoviridis Cobos 1968 : 385. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Immatures: Alexeev et al . 1991: 15 (as potanini ). Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (as potanini ) (with bibliography). Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 , sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as potanini ). Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan (as potanini ) ( Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Northern Iran ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . China , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Tadjikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera subtilis Jakovlev 1898b : 552 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366 ; Bellamy 2008b : 794 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Golestan ( Jakovlev 1898b ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera sulcata (Fischer von Waldheim) 1824: 197 ( Buprestis ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 367 ; Bellamy 2008b : 794 . synonym: fossulata ( Gebler) 1825 : 46 ( Buprestis ). synonym: gebleri Gory & Laporte 1839: 12 ( nomen novum for fossulata Gebler 1825 ). synonym: mendax Marseul 1869 : 122 ( nomen novum for impressicolis Marseul 1866 ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata ), 367. synonym: bergrothi Obenberger 1927a : 66; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata ), 367. synonym: tiflisensis Obenberger 1927h : 38; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata ), 367. synonym: benedicenda Obenberger 1927a : 72; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata ), 367. synonym: uralicola Obenberger 1927a : 75 (subspecies of cuprina ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of sulcata sulcata ), 367. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Obenberger 1927a ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , China , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Mongolia , Russia , Ukraine ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Note. Records for Iran , Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation. Sphenoptera syriaca Jakovlev 1908b : 514 ; Kalashian et al . 2005a : 83 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 798 . synonym: blattnyi Obenberger 1926b : 202. synonym: calosoma Obenberger 1926b : 203. [subgenus Chilostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . Khuzestan ( Obenberger 1952b, type of calosoma ), West Azarbaijan ( Obenberger 1952b, type of blattnyi ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera tamaricis ( Klug) 1829 : No. 30 ( Buprestis ); Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 335 , 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b : 798 . synonym: asiatica Gory & Laporte 1839: 36; Bílý 1983a : 81; Borumand 2002 : 25. synonym: filiformis Gory & Laporte 1839: 39. synonym: walteri Reitter 1890a : 276, 279. synonym: dilotti Obenberger 1929c : 60; Radjabi 1968 : 76; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 27. synonym: pseudoignita Alexeev 1978 : 852. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a , 1975b (as pseudoignita ); Kaplin 1981 (as pseudoignita ); Korotyaev et al . 2005 (as tamarisci [sic!]). Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Bílý 1983a ; Abai & Adeli 1984 , sapwood). Distribution within Iran . Bushehr ( Borumand 2002, as asiatica ), Khuzestan (as asiatica ) ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as dilotti and tamaricis ), Tehran ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Egypt (Sinai), Iraq , Israel , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Saudi Arabia , Syria , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Records for Afghanistan and Syria in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation. Sphenoptera tamarisci Gory & Laporte 1839: 35 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2001 : 200 , 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b : 799 . synonym: smaragdina Jakovlev 1901b : 352. synonym: sterbai Obenberger 1927d : 22; Radjabi 1968 : 76; Bílý 1983a : 82; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 119; Modarres Awal 1997 : 140; Borumand 2002 : 27. unavailable name: lura Obenberger 1937d : 110 (variety of sterbai ). [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Tamarix sp. ( Tamaricaceae ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 , sapwood; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as sterbai ). Distribution within Iran . Ardabil, Golestan, Qom ( Borumand 2002, as sterbai ), East Azarbaijan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 , as sterbai ), Kerman, Qazvin ( Bílý 1983a, as sterbai ), Lorestan ( Obenberger 1927d, type of sterbai , var. lura ), Markazi ( Modarres Awal 1997 , as sterbai ), Mazandaran ( Radjabi 1968 , as tamarisci and sterbai ; Modarres Awal 1997 , as sterbai ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 , as tamarisci and sterbai ; Abai & Adeli 1984 , as sterbai ), Tehran ( Modarres Awal 1997 , Borumand 2002 , as tamarisci , sterbai and beckeri ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , "Arabia", Armenia , Azerbaijan , China , Egypt , Iraq , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera tamarisci beckeri Dohrn 1866 : 249 ; Salavatian 1950 : 9 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 76 ; Radjabi 1968 : 75 ; Bílý 1983a : 82 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 (as Chrysoblemma beckeri ), 139; Borumand 2002 : 25 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 799 ; Sakenin et al . 2008: 35. synonym: tamaricis Marseul 1866 : 399 . synonym: scutellata Obenberger 1920a : 122 (subspecies of tamaricis ). synonym: chrysorrhoea Obenberger 1927d : 21 (variety of tamaricis ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 53 (synonym of tamaricsi beckeri ), 357. synonym: tekkensis Obenberger 1952e : 4. synonym: potopolskii Stepanov 1959 : 59. Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a , 1975b (as beckeri ); Kaplin 1981 (as beckeri ); Korotyaev et al . 2005 . Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Alhagi camelorum ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Fraxinus excelsior (Oleaceae) (Sakenin et al . 2008). Distribution within Iran . East Azarbaijan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ), Guilan, Hormozgan, Qom ( Bílý 1983a ), Isfahan ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Kermanshah, Lorestan ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Mazandaran ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Bílý 1983a ; Sakenin et al . 2008), Qazvin ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Bílý 1983a ), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Zanjan and other northern provinces ( Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , China , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Mongolia , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Distribution of subspecies of this species in Iran needs further investigation. Record of Fraxinus as a host plant (Sakenin et al . 2008) is doubtful. Sphenoptera tappesi Marseul 1865 : 387 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 369 ; Bellamy 2008b : 801 ; Barimani et al . 2009 : 65 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: simulatrix Reitter 1895a : 42; Bílý 1983a : 80; Borumand 2002 : 28. [subgenus Tropeopeltis ]. Distribution within Iran . Fars , Isfahan, Kerman ( Bílý 1983a, as simulatrix ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Mazandaran ( Barimani et al . 2009 ), Yazd (as simulatrix ) ( Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Cyprus , Egypt , Greece , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Macedonia , Syria , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Records for Cyprus and Egypt in Bellamy (2008b) are doubtful. A parasitoid wasp, Atanycolus ivanowi (Kokujev, 1898) ( Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Braconinae) (3♀, 1♂ ) was collected as the parasitoid of Sphenoptera tappesi in Behshahr (Mazandaran province). Sphenoptera tezcani Niehuis 1999 : 43 ; Kalashian et al . 2005a : 81 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 355 ; Bellamy 2008b : 802 . misidentification: verecunda : Bílý 1983a : 79 (not Obenberger 1952d ); Kalashian et al . 2005a : 81 (misidentification of tezcani ); Bellamy 2008b : 802 (misidentification of tezcani , note). [subgenus Chilostetha ]. Distribution within Iran . West Azarbaijan ( Bílý 1983a, as verecunda ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). * Sphenoptera tigridis Obenberger 1927d : 22 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 803 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Note. Record for Iran in Bellamy (2008b) is doubtful, possible misprint of Iraq . Sphenoptera tragacanthae ( Klug) 1829 : No. 26 ( Buprestis ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 367 ; Bellamy 2008b : 804 ; Sakenin et al . 2008: 34; Barimani et al . 2009 : 65 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 406; Barimani et al . 2012 : 192 ; Ghobari et al. 2012 : 237 . synonym: corrugata ( Klug) 1829 : No. 27 ( Buprestis ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: glabrata ( Ménétriés) 1832 : 151 ( Buprestis ); Bílý 1983a : 75 (as glabrata irenae Obenberger 1927a ); Borumand 2002 : 20 (as glabrata irene ), Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. misidentification: semistriata : Gory & Laporte 1839: 2 [not (Palisot de Beauvois) 1807 : 43 ( Buprestis )]; Bellamy 2008d : 782; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 408, 410 (misidentification). synonym: derugata Redtenbacher 1850 : 47; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: mniszechi Marseul 1865 : 332; Salavatian 1950 : 9 (with var. minorita Obenberger ); Radjabi 1968 : 77 (authors Laporte & Gory); Bílý 1983a : 76; Modarres Awal 1997 : 139; Borumand 2002 : 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: elamita Marseul 1865 : 338 ; Salavatian 1950 : 9 (variety of mniszechi ); Radjabi 1968 : 77 (variety of mniszechi ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 (variety of mniszechi ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: lobicollis Marseul 1865 : 339; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: encausta Marseul 1865 : 340; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: exasciata Jakovlev 1886 : 83; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: morio Jakovlev 1886 : 84; Radjabi 1968 : 77 ( morio , var.?); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: sordida Jakovlev 1886 : 84; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 368. synonym: prolongata Jakovlev 1887a :70; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: signaticollis Jakovlev 1887a : 85; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 368. synonym: christophi Jakovlev 1887a : 73; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: modesta Jakovlev 1887a : 76; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: speciosa Jakovlev 1887b : 110 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 368. synonym: adusta Jakovlev 1887b : 111; Radjabi 1968 : 76; Modarres Awal 1997 : 138; Borumand 2002 : 19; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: maura Jakovlev 1901b : 317; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: morosa Jakovlev 1908a : 216; Bílý 1983a : 76; Borumand 2002 : 23; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: obnubila Jakovlev 1908a : 221; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: luristana Kerremans 1909 : 272; Borumand 2002 : 22; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: prometheus Obenberger 1916 : 245; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: gigas Obenberger 1916 : 246; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: maledicta Obenberger 1920a : 104; Bílý 1983a : 75; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365; Bellamy 2008b : 736; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 443 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: parsa Obenberger 1920a : 105; Salavatian 1950 : 10 (variety of luristana ); Radjabi 1968 : 77 (variety of luristana ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 139 (variety of luristana ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: nominanda Obenberger 1920a : 106; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: zarathustrae Obenberger 1920a : 107; 1927a: 11 ( zarathustra ); Radjabi 1968 : 77 ( zarathustra ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 140; Borumand 2002 : 24; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 368. synonym: kulpensis Obenberger 1927a : 6; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: cilicica Obenberger 1927a : 8; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 363; Bellamy 2008b : 673; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 443 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: radicigena Obenberger 1927a : 8 (subspecies of rugulosa ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: rambouseki Obenberger 1927a : 10; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366; Bellamy 2008b : 771; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: armenigena Obenberger 1927a : 12 (subspecies of zarathustrae ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 56 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: catenifera Obenberger 1927a : 16 (variety of mniszechi ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: coeruleolimbata Obenberger 1927a : 16 (subspecies of mniszechi ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: artaxerxes Obenberger 1927a : 17; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: klapaleki Obenberger 1927a : 16; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: mrazeki Obenberger 1927a : 18; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: klickai Obenberger 1927a : 28; Bílý 1983a : 76; Borumand 2002 : 21; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 365; Bellamy 2008b : 722; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: corrosa Obenberger 1927a : 31; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 364; Bellamy 2008b : 678; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: satrapa Obenberger 1927a : 32; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 366; Bellamy 2008b : 777; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: tauricola Obenberger 1927a : 33; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 368. synonym: syriae Obenberger 1927a : 34; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 367; Bellamy 2008b : 798; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: zobeida Obenberger 1927a : 36; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 368. synonym: armenorum Obenberger 1927a : 37, 39; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 55 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. synonym: vavrai Obenberger 1927a : 41; Bílý 1983a : 76; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368; Bellamy 2008b : 811; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 444 (synonym of tragacanthae ). synonym: goryi Théry 1938 : 91 ( nomen novum for semistriata : Gory & Laporte 1839, not Palisot de Beauvois 1807 ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 54 (synonym of tragacanthae ), 367. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Host plant(s) within Iran . Falcaria vulgaris (Apiaceae) (Sakenin et al . 2008); Astragalus anseanthus , A. gossypinus (Fabaceae) ( Barimani et al . 2012 ). Distribution within Iran . Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, Qazvin, West Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002, as glabrata irene ), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari ( Obenberger 1927a , type of klickai ; Bílý 1983a , as mniszechi ), Fars ( Redtenbacher 1850 , type of derugata ; Jakovlev 1886 , types of exasciata , morio ; Modarres Awal 1997 , as parsa ; Bílý 1983a , as klickai , maledicta ; Borumand 2002 , as klickai ), Golestan ( Obenberger 1927a, as christophi ), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as mniszechi varr. elamita and minorita ), Kermanshah ( Obenberger 1920a , types of parsa , nominanda ; Borumand 2002 , as mniszechi ), Khorasan ( Obenberger 1920a , 1927a , types of zarathustrae , rambouseki , satrapa ; Bílý 1983a as glabrata irene ; Borumand 2002 , as glabrata irene ), Khuzestan ( Bílý 1983a , as mniszechi ; Borumand 2002 , as mniszechi ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al. 2012 ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a, as klickai and vavrai ), Lorestan ( Kerremans 1909 , types of luristana , var. parsa ; Obenberger 1916 , type of gigas ; Obenberger 1927a , types of mniszechi var. minorita , tetrastigma , catenifera ; artaxerxes ; Sakenin et al . 2008, as mniszechi ; Borumand 2002 , as klickai ), Mazandaran ( Bílý 1983a , as glabrata irenae ; Borumand 2002 , as glabrata irene ; Barimani et al . 2009 , 2012 ), Qom ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 , as mniszechi , morosa , morio var.?), Semnan ( Borumand 2002, as adusta and luristana ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Radjabi 1968 , as mniszechi var. elamita and minorita ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as glabrata irene ), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 , as adusta , mniszechi , luristana var. parsa , elamita and zarathustrae ; Bílý 1983a , as glabrata irenae , morosa ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as klickai , morosa , mniszechi and zarathustrae ); "Perse" (Gory & Laporte 1839, as semistriata , misidentification; Marseul 1865 , types of mnizsechi, elamita ; Kerremans 1912 , as elamita , mnizsechi, derugata ), "Perse: Chakhou" ( Jakovlev 1887a, type of christophi ), " Persia " ( Obenberger 1927a, as aethiops ssp. gigas , adusta , derugata ; types of klapaleki , corrosa ), " Persia : Ardilan" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of vavrai ), " Persia occidentalis: Hamarazendjan" ( Obenberger 1927a, type of coeruleolimbata ), " Persia : Kharum" ( Obenberger 1927a, types of mrazeki, zobeida ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Greece , Iraq , Lebanon , Pakistan , Syria , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Ukraine ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). Note. Records for Ethiopia , Gambia , Mali , Moçambique , Niger , Senegal , Somalia , and Sudan in Bellamy (2008b) possibly refer to semistriata Palisot de Beauvois 1807 , not to semistriata : Gory & Laporte 1839 (misidentification), the latter is a synonym of tragacanthae (Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 446) . Record for Falicaria as a host plant (Sakenin et al. 2008) is doubtful, adult and larval host plants of this species are Astragalus spp. ( Fabaceae ). Sphenoptera tristicula Reitter 1895a : 38 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 337 , 2006: 357; Bellamy 2008b : 809 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 238 . synonym: elegans Jakovlev, 1900b : 433. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Turkey , Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 , 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera trisulcata Reiche & Saulcy 1856 : 413 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 809 . [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Israel , Lebanon , Syria ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera violacea Jakovlev 1898b : 557 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 368 ; Bellamy 2008b : 813 ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009: 442. [subgenus Sphenoptera ]. Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). Distribution outside Iran . Turkmenistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ; Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2009). Sphenoptera viridiaurea Kraatz in Heyden & Kraatz 1882 : 318 ; Bílý 1983a : 83 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 813 . synonym: cylindracea Reitter 1897 : 215. [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Biology/Bionomy: Krivosheina 1975a ; Kaplin 1981 . Distribution within Iran . Bushehr, Fars , Kerman, Khuzestan, Qom ( Bílý 1983a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b ). Sphenoptera vlastae Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2006 : 135 ; Bellamy 2008b : 815 . [subgenus Sphenopterella ]. misidentification: elpha : Bílý 1983a : 80 (not Obenberger 1926b : 200; Chilostetha ); Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2006 : 135 (misidentification; holotype of vlastae ). Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Kalashian & Volkovitsh 2006 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Sphenoptera zarudniana Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 : 332 , 2006: 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 816 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Sistan & Baluchestan ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2003 ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Note. The record for Iraq in Volkovitsh & Kalashian (2006) and Bellamy (2008b) is a misprint ( Iraq instead of Iran ); this species is known only from type locality in Iran . Sphenoptera zarudnyi Jakovlev 1899a : 99 ; Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 816 . [subgenus Chrysoblemma ]. Distribution within Iran . Khorasan ( Jakovlev 1899a ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ; Bellamy 2008b : 816). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. * Sphenoptera zarudnyi schatinensis Alexeev & Zykov 1991 : 149 (subspecies of zarudnyi ); Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 : 357 ; Bellamy 2008b : 816 . Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Turkey ( Volkovitsh & Kalashian 2006 ). Note. The records of S. z. schatinensis for Iran and Azerbaijan in Bellamy (2008b) need confirmation.