Morphology and Systematics of Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma Populations (Anura: Microhylidae: Kalophryninae) and a Taxonomy of the Genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, Asian Sticky Frogs Author Zug, George R. text Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 2015 2015-04-15 62 5 135 190 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.11512244 0068-547X 11512244 AD651C54-BC39-4A21-A0CA-3B9B8309A0BB Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838 Sticky Frogs Type species: Kalophrynus pleurostigma Tschudi, 1838 . DEFINITION .— Small to medium-sized microhylid frogs (adults, 17–60 mm SVL ) with deltoid to ovate dorsal body outline, narrowest anteriorly, and well-developed, moderate-length fore- and hindlimbs. Dorsal skin thick, surface typically granular, often spiny, and strongly glandular. Skull with prevomer divided and postchoanal portion absent; palatine absent; ethmoids small or absent. Pectoral girdle with well-developed clavicles and procoracoids reaching ventral midline cartilage and laterally the scapulae; omosternum small, cartilaginous; sternum large, cartilaginous. Terminal phalanges T-shaped. Pupil round to slightly horizontal elliptical. Tongue oblong to obovate, posterior edge blunt to rounded, and half to two-thirds free. Palate with two to three transverse ridges or folds, anterior one (vomerine) smooth, usually medially interrupted, and adenticulate just behind choanae, middle one (postorbital) smooth and adenticulate between posterior edges of orbits, and posterior one (buccal) variably segmented and adenticulate lying about halfway between rear of orbits and epiglottis. TABLE 3.Select characteristic of currently recognized species of Kalophrynus . Species Range of adult SVL Inguinal spots Ocellus Forefoot Females Males Present color digit formula Kalophrynus anya sp nov.1 North Myanmar 36–47 34–41 yes,occasionally absent black light-edged 3>2≈1>4 Borneo Kalophrynus baluensis 2 to47 to36 yes yellow None or dark brown-edged 3>2>1>4 Kalophrynus barioensis 3 Borneo 21 18–20 yes black none 3>2>1>4 Kalophrynus bunguranus 4 Great Natuna Isl. 25–27 22–23 yes black none 3>2>1>4 Kalophrynus calciphilus 5 Borneo 35–39 29–30 no none none 3>2>1>4 Vietnam Kalophrynus cryptophonus 6 23 28–30 yes black none 3>2>4>1 Kalophrynus eok 7 Borneo? 26 no none none 3>2>1>4 Kalophrynus heterochirus 8 Borneo 30–33 24–27 yes bluish-white none 3>2>1>4 Vietnam Kalophrynus honbaensis 9? 27–37 yes black light-edged 3>2>4>1 Kalophrynus interlineatus 10 SE Asia 35–46 34–45 yes,occasionally absent black light-edged 3>2≈1>4 Borneo Kalophrynus intermedius 11 38–41? no none none 3>2>1>4 Kalophrynus limbooliati 12 West Malaysia ? 26–29 yes dark none 3>2>1>4 Hindfoot webbing at base at base or slightly beyond at base or slightly beyond at base at base at base at base one-third one-third one-third ~two-thirds at base or slightly beyond Borneo Kalophrynus meizon sp nov.13 35–60 37–50 yes black light-edged 3>2≈1≈4 one half to two-thirds Kalophrynus menglienicus 14 China ? 20–23 yes none none 3>4>2>1 slight to none Kalophrynus minusculus 15 Java&Sumatra to35 to25 no none none?? Kalophrynus nubicola 16 Borneo 21–24 19–20 no none none 3>2>1>4 ~one-third NE Kalophrynus India orangensis 17 35–38 36–38 yes black light-edged 3>2>1>4 at base Kalophrynus palmatissimus 18 West Malaysia 31–39 31–39 no none none 3>2>1=4 two-thirds Kalophrynus pleurostigma 19 Sumatra 34–35? yes black light-edged 3>2≈1>4 ~one-third Borneo Kalophrynus punctatus 20? 22–27 no none none 3>2≈1>4 at base West Kalophrynus Malaysia robinsoni 21 18+ 17–18 no none none 3>2>1>4 one-third Philippines Kalophrynus sinensis 22 39–46 35–42 yes,occasionally absent black light-edged 3>2≈1>4 variable,one-third to two-thirds Borneo Kalophrynus subterrestris 23 26–27 21–23 yes,occasionally absent black none 3>2>1>4 one-third Kalophrynus tiomanensis 24 West Malaysia 25–26 26 yes dark brown yes 3>2≈1>4 at base or slightly beyond West Kalophrynus Malaysia yongi 25? 29–31 yes black none 3>2>1>4 at base &Haas D, ATA 2003;7 RESOURCES ,. Vassilieva1,this et al. study,; 2014 2,;8 Kiew., Boulenger 1984b,,1900 Malkmus,Inger et, al., 1966 2002;9;,3, Vassilieva Matsui&et al., Nishikawa 2014;,10, 2011this;4, study; Günther11,,Inger 1895,,1966 Inger;,12, 1966; Matsui 5, et Dehling al,., 2012 2011;, 13, Inger this,1966 study;,6, Inger Das, 1966 1966;;14 21,,Yang Dehling&,Su, 2011, 1980, Smith Fei,,1922 1999;,22 Fei,this et al., study2010,; Inger15,,1954 Iskandar,, Taylor1998,; 1921 16;,23, Dring, Inger, 1983; 1966 17;,24, Dutta Chan et et al., al., 2000 2011;; 18, 25, Dehling Matsui,,2011 2009,.Kiew,1984a;19,this study;20,Inger, A“?”denotes that datum is not available. FIGURE 4. General distribution of the Kalophrynus interlineatus-pleurostigma group. Solid circles denote specimens examined in this study; open circles are literature records and museum records of specimens not seen; stars represent type localities of available names. Source of the locality records are in Appendix Specimens examined section. Tympanum always visible, although posterodorsal edge often partially overlapped by edge of thick glandular dorsal skin. Digit well-developed and not expanded distally. Forefoot usually without webbing or slight basal webbing, basal to moderate webbing on hindfoot. Both fore- and hindfeet with numerous subarticular tubercles. Commonly, snout with short, pointed proboscis. CONTENT .— Twenty-five species ( Table 3 ) with the greatest diversity in Borneo (ten endemic species). DISTRIBUTION .— Northeast India ( Assam , West Bengal ) and northern Bangladesh ( Rajshahi ), north-central Myanmar ( Sagaing , Kachin ), peninsular Myanmar (Mon, Tanintharyi ), Southeast Asia ( Laos , Thailand , Vietnam , Cambodia ), southern China ( Yunnan , Guangxi , Hainan , Guangdon, Fujian ), Sumatra, Java, Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak , Brunei , Sabah), and Philippines (southeastern islands). See Fig. 4 .