An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females Author Dawah, Hassan A. 0000-0001-5642-7247 Centre for Environmental Research and Studies, Jazan University, P. O. Box 2095, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia dawaha @ hotmail. co. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5642 - 7247 dawaha@hotmail.co.uk Author Abdullah, Mohammed A. 0000-0002-3323-3623 Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha- 61413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia mohd _ robiya @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3323 - 3623 mohd_robiya@hotmail.com Author Ahmad, Syed Kamran 0000-0002-6211-2345 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India entosaif @ rediffmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6211 - 2345 entosaif@rediffmail.com Author Turner, James 0000-0003-2411-7396 National Museum of Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Entomology Section, Cardiff, CF 10 3 NP, UK James. Turner @ museumwales. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2411 - 7396 urner@museumwales.ac.uk Author Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad 0000-0002-9370-9638 Research Center of Health and Environment, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology, Mycology and Entomology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran azari @ gums. ac. ir; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9370 - 9638 * Corresponding author: azari @ gums. ac. ir azari@gums.ac.ir text Zootaxa 2023 2023-12-28 5394 1 1 76 https://mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5394.1.1/52549 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1 1175-5334 10438079 6D86633F-0167-414D-B511-550BCBE578CD Key to the subgenera and species (adult females) of Anopheles in Saudi Arabia 1 Wing with fewer than 4 separate dark areas involving costa (C), radius ( R ) and radius-one ( R 1 ); anterior margin of wing with 2 separate pale areas involving C, R and R 1, one about 0.67 from wing base and one near apex; lateral area of clypeus with a patch of projecting dark scales ( subgenus Anopheles : Coustani Group )......................................... 2 – Anterior margin of wing with at least 4 separate dark areas involving C, R , and R 1 or wing entirely dark-scaled; clypeus without scales ( subgenus Cellia ) (Note 1)........................................................................ 3 2(1) Coxae with pale scales; hindtarsomere 1 broadly pale at base and apex; hindtarsomere 2 pale over about apical half; hindtarsomere 3 dark at base only or entirely pale................................................................. coustani – Coxae without pale scales; hindtarsomere 1 narrowly pale at apex only; hindtarsomere 2 narrowly pale at apex only; hindtarsomere 3 pale over apical third to two-thirds.................................................. tenebrosus 3(1) Distal 0.5 of hindtarsomere 2 and all of hindtarsomeres 3–5 pale; forefemur mostly pale-scaled; mid- and hindfemur with longitudinal white line terminating in an oval spot................................................ pulcherrimus – Distal 0.5 of hindtarsomere 2 and hindtarsomeres 3–5 not entirely pale; forefemur not pale-scaled, but may have pale spots; mid- and hindfemur without longitudinal white line, but may have pale spots..................................... 4 4(3) Maxillary palpus with 4 pale bands; abdominal terga II–VII with posterolateral dark scale-tufts............... pharoensis – Maxillary palpus dark, or with at most 3 pale bands, pale spots may also be present; abdominal terga II–VII without dark scale-tufts, some posterolaterial dark scales may be present on distal segments......................................... 5 5(4) Maxillary palpus with 2 or 3 indistinct pale bands or entirely dark (Note 2)....................................... 6 – Maxillary palpus with at least 3 distinct pale bands.......................................................... 7 6(5) Erect head scales narrow, straw-yellow throughout.................................................... azaniae – Erect head scales broad white on vertex and dark brown laterally and posteriorly.................... rupicolus (Note 3) 7(5) Hindtarsomere 5 pale......................................................................... pretoriensis – Hindtarsomere 5 dark................................................................................. 8 8(7) Wing with pale spots confined to costa (C), radius ( R ) and radius-one ( R 1); erect head scales narrow, straw-yellow throughout; scutum with setae only, no scales.................................................................... dthali – Wing with pale spots present on nearly all veins; erect head scales broad, pale on vertex and dark laterally and posteriorly; scutum with obvious pale scales in addition to setae......................................................... 9 9(8) Palpomere 5 dark at apex............................................................................. 10 – Palpomere 5 pale at apex, or entirely pale................................................................. 12 10(9) Scutal fossa (SF) covered with scattered pale scales; base of costa (C) pale-scaled......................... multicolor – Scutal fossa without scales; base of costa dark............................................................. 11 11(10) Wing generally pale, pale and dark areas apart from costa (C), radius ( R ) and radius-one ( R 1 ) poorly contrasted posterior to R and R 1; anal vein (1A) with at most 2 indistinct dark spots, distal spot long, often appearing mostly dark-scaled; vein R without accessory sector dark spot....................................................................... turkhudi – Wing with well-defind pale- and dark-scaled areas on all veins; vein 1A with 3 dark spots; vein R with accessory sector dark spot......................................................................................... cinereus 12(9) Scutum with broad pale scales on median area; upper proepisternal setae absent.................................. 13 – Scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; upper proepisternal setae present................................ 14 13(12) Femora and tibiae spotted with pale scales; abdominal terga II–VIII largely covered with pale scales; middle of maxillary palpomere 3 usually with some pale spots other than pale bands......................................... stephensi – Femora and tibiae not spotted; abdominal terga without pale scales; maxillary palpomere 3 without pale spots................................................................................................... superpictus s.l. 14(12) Scutal fossa covered with scattered pale scales; hindtarsomeres 3 and 4 pale at apex............................... 15 – Scutal fossa without scales; hindtarsomeres 3 and 4 entirely dark.............................................. 16 15(14) Femora and tibiae with spots of pale scales; anal vein (1A) usually with 3 dark spots; radius ( R ) usually with distinct preaccessory sector dark spot.............................................................................. arabiensis – Femora and tibiae not spotted; anal vein with 2 dark spots; radius usually without preaccessory sector dark spot.................................................................................................... subpictus s.l. 16(14) Radius ( R ) with a dark spot just distal to humeral crossvein; wing fringe usually with 1 or 2 inconspicuous pale spots on posterior margin, rarely more............................................................... culicifacies s.l. – Radius without a dark spot just distal to humeral crossvein; wing fringe usually with at least 4 pale spots on posterior margin .................................................................................................. 17 17(16) Radius-four-plus-five ( R 4+5 ) dark-scaled except at base and apex, occasionally with some pale scales in distal area; scutum unicolourous; frontal tuft poorly developed......................................................... sergentii – Radius-four-plus-five with a distinct, large median pale area; scutum grey on top, darker at sides; frontal tuft well developed.................................................................................. fluviatilis s.l. (Note 4)