Phylogenetic Systematics of the Millipede Family Xystodesmidae Author Means, Jackson C. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, Author Hennen, Derek A. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, Author Tanabe, Tsutomu Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto Author Marek, Paul E. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA, paulemarek@gmail.com text Insect Systematics and Diversity 2021 2021-03-01 5 2 1 1 26 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab003 journal article 10.1093/isd/ixab003 2399-3421 5384533 A55797AF-B8E6-4E46-8FD2-53B5C79FCEF8 Appalachioria n. sp. ‘Foster Falls’ Means and Marek 2017 Material examined: Type specimens. ♂ holotype ( VTEC SPC000296), 1 ♂ paratype ( VMNH SPC000297), and 2 ♀ paratypes ( VTEC SPC000294, 295) from Virginia , Wythe County, N slope Fosters Falls Mountain, cove near road ( 36.89021°N , - 80.8376°W , Elev. 657 m ), 29 May 2004 , tulip, oak, maple, rhododendron, moist cove (Coll: P. E. Marek). Material examined listed in Supp Table 2 (online only). Fig. 5. Color photographs of new species of xystodesmid millipedes and their color morphs. Appalachioria bondi n. sp. (A–G): A Three-spotted yellow morph with yellow legs, dorsal view, B Two-spotted pink morph with pink legs, dorsal view, C Three-spotted white morph with white legs, D Three-spotted orange morph with orange legs, ETwo-spotted yellow morph with pink legs, F.Two-spotted white morph with white legs, GThree-spotted yellow morph with pink legs, dorsal view. Appalachioria sierwaldae , n. sp. (H–I): H. Three-spotted morph with yellow paranotal spots and orange medial spots and orange legs. I. Threespotted yellow morph with yellow legs. Appalachioria brownae n. sp. (J–K): J. Three-spotted yellow morph with yellow legs. K. Two-spotted yellow morph with yellow legs. Brachoria camptera n. sp. (L–M): L. Two-spotted orange morph with white legs. M. Two-spotted red morph with red legs. Brachoria cryocybe n. sp. (N): N. Two-spotted morph with red paranotal spots and white stripe and red legs. Brachoria platana n. sp. (O–P): O. Striped red morph with red legs. P. Threespotted yellow morph with yellow legs. Rudiloria charityae n. sp. (Q): Q. Three-spotted morph with yellow paranotal spots and orange medial spots and yellow legs. Sigmoria beameri n. sp. (R): R. Two-spotted red morph with light red legs. Nannaria aenigma n. sp. (S–T): S. Two-spotted red morph with light red legs. T. Two-spotted white morph with white legs. Nannaria hokie n. sp. (U):Two-spotted red morph with gray legs. Diagnosis: Adult males of Appalachioria sierwaldae n. sp. are distinct from other apheloriine species based on the following combination of characters: Gonopods. Gonopodal acropodite strongly curving ventromedially and with a strong distal cingulum, separating it from Apheloria and Rudiloria ( Fig. 7 ). Prefemoral process short and stout. Post-cingulum area expanded, wider than pre-cingulum area. Distal zone strongly curved medially into a long, uncinate, thin tip. Color. Tergites with yellow paranotal spots and yellow metatergal spots ( Fig. 5I ), but sometimes with orange metatergal spots ( Fig. 5H ). Black background. Collum with yellow lateral and anterior spots, sometimes with yellow or orange posterior spots, or lacking a posterior spot. Description: Supp Table 3 (online only). Based on Holotype ( ♂ ) SPC000296. Measurements (mm): BL = 40.0, CW = 7.0, IW = 4.7, ISW = 1.4, B11W = 9.4, B11H = 5.4. Variation: No significant variation from the holotype was observed. Ecology: Individuals of Appalachioria sierwaldae n. sp. were found in an Appalachian cove forest that included tulip, oak, maple, and rhododendron. Distribution: Only known from the type locality on Fosters Falls Mountain in eastern Wythe County, Virginia . Etymology: This species is named for Dr. Petra Sierwald of the Field Museum of Natural History. The specific name is a genitive noun derived as a matronym.