Unraveling the white-clothed Diestostemma Amyot & Serville: a taxonomic revision of the American sharpshooters of the D. bituberculatum complex (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Author Pinto, Ângelo Parise Author Mejdalani, Gabriel Author Takiya, Daniela Maeda text Zootaxa 2017 4281 1 135 164 journal article 28697 10.11646/zootaxa.4281.1.14 da5b3047-b669-4276-89ef-69ecf31d33ff 1175-5326 816007 DE0BD9D9-B661-43DF-90BA-4F31C4B3ADC9 Diestostemma olivia sp. nov. LSID http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BDA1EB8F-91B0-4018-B270-3D10E7269B4D ( Figures 9–10 , 23–24 , 33–34 , 41–42 , 52–53 , 69–71 , 84–86 , 91 , 93 ) Leucopepla bituberculata ( Signoret, 1855 ) : Schmidt (1910: 52, possibly in part, comparison with D. rubriventris ) . Material examined ( 3 ♂, 2 ♀ ). Holotype ♂ . ECUADOR . Orellana [ Province : Francisco de Orellana Canton], Reserva Étnica Waorani , Transect Ent., 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp. , Fogging terre [sic, terra] firme forest, lot#1473 ( 00°39’10”S , 076°26’00”W , 248 m a.s.l. ), 08.II.1996 , T.L. Erwin et al. leg. ( EPNC ) ; 1 ♀ paratype , same data as holotype but lot#1045, 12.II.1995 , T.L. Erwin et al. leg. ( USNM ) ; 1 ♀ paratype , same data as holotype but lot#1441, 07.II.1996 ( DZRJ ) ; 1 ♂ paratype , Tiputini Biodiversity Station , nr Yasuni National Park , Erwin Transect - T/7, lot# 0 2 1862 ( 00°37’55”S , 76°08’39”W , 231 m a.s.l. ), 04.VII.1998 , T.L. Erwin et al. leg. ( DZRJ ) ; 1 ♂ paratype , same data but lot# 1946 / 154, 26.X.1998 ( INHS ) . Measurements of the male holotype (mm). Total length (from anterior of head to tip of forewings) 20.3; crown length 2.2; transocular distance 4.1; interocular distance 2.6; distance between compound eye and mesal line 1.3; distance between ocellus and mesal line 0.9; pronotal disc maximum width 5.0; pronotal disc maximum length 3.7; forewing length 16.4; metathoracic femur length 5.1; metathoracic tibia length 9.3. Description of the male holotype . Head ( Figs. 9 , 23–24 ). Crown maximum length 0.56 of transocular distance and slightly shorter than interocular distance (ratio of 0.87) in dorsal view; anterior margin rounded with very small concavity at insertion of nymphal blade-like frontal process; epicranial suture indistinct; posterior portion with slight M-shaped elevation from ocellar base to posterior margin, connected laterally to strong ridge posterior to ocular suture; lateral portions of frons with deep muscle impressions, median portion with longitudinal depression, dorsal surface convex; frontogenal suture extending onto crown to ocellar level. Ocellus located at level of anterior limit of compound eye, distinctly closer to eye than mesal line (ratio of distances between ocellus and eye with eye to mesal line of 0.24). Antennal ledge as described for species complex. Epistomal suture indistinct. Clypeus anterior margin slightly higher than level of profile of frons in lateral view. Thorax ( Figs. 9 , 23–24 ). Pronotum maximum width at posterolateral angles 1.3 times wider than transocular distance; maximum length (at level of humps) 1.7 times longer than crown length; lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly; disc sculptured dorsally by punctures and callosities, punctures numerous and closer to each other at posterior 0.66; pair of small bean-shaped anterolateral pits posterior to anterior margin, followed by smooth polished elevated areas; anteromesal area depressed into rhombus shape bordered by elevated polished areas (callosities); posterior 0.33 dorsally projected into two rounded humps; V-shaped mesal callosity bordering rhombus depressed anterior area; small mesal callus at posterior margin; posterior margin sinuous with widened Wshaped outline; dorsolateral carina (dorsopleural carina sensu Young 1968 ) ill-defined anteriorly, rounded; lateral lobe of pronotum with median rounded ridge, posterior margin projected into short triangular process (genus thumb-like process). Mesonotum not punctate; pairs of rounded pits at scutum and rounded processes at division between scutum and scutellum; scutellum with longitudinal carina at about posterior 0.5, indistinct at apex. Forewing coriaceous (tegmen appearance); surface strongly punctured, punctures minute at distal area; venation sclerotized and moderately elevated at posterior 0.5 of corium, reticulate, except area from brachial cell to anal margin, including first apical cell; three distinct sclerotized dark vein areas (SDV): (1) a small rounded area at proximal edge of first discal cell, (2) oval area at claval sulcus, adjacent and posterior to first area, and (3) a large imperfect H-shaped area located at about proximal 0.25 of wing, between ScP&RA&M and claval sulcus, costal portion of ‘H’ reduced. Hind wings membranous and densely coated by brochosomes. Metathoracic leg with femoral chaetotaxy with setal formula 2:1:1:1 (AD1 and PD1 + AD2 + AD3 + AD4) and 2:1:2:1 (a small macroseta associated to AD3); tibia with anteroventral row of flattened and same size setae along entire length, posteroventral row dimorphic, with hair-like longer setae at about proximal 0.66 and with shorter flattened setae at distal 0.33; ratio of length of each individual tarsomere by total tarsus length (excluding pretarsus) equal to 0.43, 0.29 and 0.29, respectively. Coloration. Head and thorax ground color whitish-yellow to ochre with a few light brown to brown irregular areas. Crown with pair of light brown spots over M-shaped elevation adjacent to posterior margin, about same size as ocellus. Pronotal disc brown over V-shaped mesal anterior callosity; lateral and ventral surfaces of thorax similar in color to dorsal surface; legs whitish-yellow ochre to dark yellow, darker at tibiotarsal articulations, tibial carinae, and over dorsal surface of tarsus. Forewing with three SDVs, two small rounded basal spots and a large imperfect H-shaped marking at anterior 0.25 of wing; entire anal margin of clavus, continuing over inner margin of apical cell, dark brown to black. Hind wings translucent white. Abdomen largely yellowish-white except for paler genital capsule and dark brown aedeagus. Male terminalia (based on the paratype ). Pygofer ( Fig. 69 ) rounded along entire margin except for almost straight (slightly concave) portion at dorsoposterior margin; microsetae distributed throughout lobe, slightly longer at posterior margin. Valve, in ventral view, transverse, subrectangular; fused laterally to pygofer lobe; articulated to subgenital plate. Subgenital plate ( Fig. 70 ) 1.8 times longer than wide at base in ventral view; dorsal surface with strong tooth-like process near outer margin, associated with style apex; microsetae distributed throughout ventral surface, longer posteriorly with a tuft at dorsoposterior angle. Style ( Fig. 71 ) with apex long and narrow and with minute spine-like process at lateral margin. Connective ( Fig. 71 ) 3.3 times longer than maximum width at base; arms separated anteriorly in dorsal view. Aedeagus ( Figs. 84–86 ) strongly sclerotized; basally broad, gradually narrowing distally into cylindrical, curved, sickle-shaped shaft in lateral view; shaft with anterior margin with basal small hump in lateral view, posterodistal portion membranous; basiventral process cylindrical up to about proximal 0.75, bulbous basally, slightly constricted before bifurcating into pair of blade-like rami; rami of basiventral processes with their tips distinctly surpassing shaft apex, strongly divergent in posterior view, each with a large concave area dorsally faced. Female terminalia. Sternite VII ( Fig. 91 ) with maximum width about 0.7 of mesal length in ventral view; posterior margin sinuous, with three convex lobes, mesal lobe strongly projected into rounded triangular plate, not extending distally as far as lateral ones, lateral lobes strongly projected into two narrow blades. Variation of paratypes . Female and male paratypes are very similar to the holotype , though some specimens are clearly darker with the light brown areas dark brown to black; other minor differences are here described. Crown maximum length 0.49–0.64 of transocular distance; some males and females with M-shaped elevation less projected. Ratio of distances between ocellus and eye with eye to mesal line 0.17–0.22. Pronotal disc with mesal callosity as an imperfect V-shaped elevation with posteromesal area ill-defined or slightly prolonged posteriorly. Scutellar longitudinal carina less projected or even ill-defined. Forewing with the large imperfect H-shaped SDV with costal portion strongly reduced, forming a somewhat T-shaped marking. Metathoracic leg with femoral chaetotaxy with setal formula greatly variable (2:0:0:0, 2:1:0:0, 2:1:1:0, 2:1:0:1, 2:1:2:0 and 2:1:4:0). Brown irregular areas on the pronotal disc numerous and larger; a mesal rounded spot on the anterior margin; brown spot over the V-shaped mesal anterior callosity longer and darker; dorsolateral pronotal carina (dorsopleural carina sensu Young 1968 ) pale with dorsal and lateral adjacent areas dark brown, mainly on the lateral angle. Measurements (mm, n = 4). Females larger than males; all upper bounds of intervals correspond to females. Total length (from anterior of head to tip of forewings) 19.9–21.3; crown length 2.0–2.3; interocular distance 2.4– 2.6; transocular distance 4.0–4.2; distance between compound eyes and mesal line 1.1–1.5; distance between ocellus and mesal line 0.9–1.0; pronotal disc maximum width 5.1–5.5; pronotal disc maximum length 3.8–4.3; forewing length 15.7–16.9; metathoracic femur length 3.6–3.9; metathoracic tibia length 6.9–7.9. Diagnosis. A large, dorsolaterally white and ventrally yellowish-white Diestostemma with two pronotal humps and small dark areas on the forewing. The color of males and females, with abdomen yellowish-white, allows separation from the realgar colored species ( Figs. 41–42 ; realgar colored in D. albinoi sp. nov. , D. bituberculatum and D. rubriventris , Figs.37–40, 45 ). Males with the aedeagal basiventral process obtusely curved anteriorly and gradually tapering to apex in lateral view, proximal portion without median process, and rami flattened. These characteristics will distinguish D. olivia sp. nov. from all known males of the D. bituberculatum complex, except D. gervasioi sp. nov. , from which it can be distinguished by characters under the diagnosis of that species ( Figs. 84–86 ; aedeagal basiventral process abruptly curved in D. bituberculatum , rami widened before tip in D. albinoi sp. nov. , and proximal portion with median spine-like process and biconical rami in D. cavichiolii sp. nov. , Figs. 72–80 ). Females of this species are unique due to their strongly trilobed sternite VII with mesal lobe projected into a rounded triangular plate and lateral lobes strongly projected beyond mesal lobe into two narrow blades ( Fig. 91 ; sternite VII bilobed and lateral lobes wider in D. cavichiolii sp. nov. , D. gervasioi sp. nov. , and D. rubriventris , while lateral lobes are only slightly projected and not extending distally as far as mesal lobe in trilobed D. albinoi sp. nov. and D. bituberculatum , Figs. 87–90, 92 ). FIGURES 56–71. Male terminalia of species of the Diestostemma bituberculatum complex , pygofer in lateral view (56, 59, 63, 66, 69), subgenital plate in ventral view (57, 60, 64, 67, 70), and style and connective in dorsal view (58, 61–62, 65, 68, 71). 56–58. Paratype of D. albinoi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, DZRJ); 59–62. D. bituberculatum (Signoret, 1855) and detail of connective variation (French Guiana, Cayenne Arrondissement, INHS); 63–65. Holotype of D. cavichiolii sp. nov. (Brazil, Mato Grosso State, DZUP); 66–68. Holotype of D. gervasioi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC/USNM); 69–71. Holotype of D. olivia sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC/USNM). Scale bars: 56, 59, 63, 66, 69 = 1 mm; 57– 58, 60–62, 64–65, 67–68, 70–71 = 0.5 mm. FIGURES 72–80. Aedeagi of species of the Diestostemma bituberculatum complex in lateral view (72, 75, 78), basiventral processes in posteroanterior (73, 76, 79) and posteroventral (74, 77, 80) views. 72–74. Paratype of D. albinoi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, DZRJ); 75–77. D. bituberculatum (Signoret, 1855) (French Guiana, Cayenne Arrondissement, INHS); 78– 80. Holotype of D. cavichiolii sp. nov. (Brazil, Mato Grosso State, DZUP). Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AB = aedeagal basiventral process bifurcation; AP = aedeagal basiventral process; AR = aedeagal basiventral process ramus; AS = aedeagal shaft; ED = ejaculatory duct. Distribution. Known only from the type locality at Reserva Étnica Waorani and another very close site at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, both in Orellana Province in the Amazonian Forest of Ecuador ( Fig. 93 ). Biological and ecological data. Similarly to D. albinoi sp. nov. , probably a canopy dweller species (see data on that species). FIGURES 81–86. Aedeagi of species of the Diestostemma bituberculatum complex in lateral view (81, 84), basiventral processes in posteroanterior (82, 85) and posteroventral (83, 86) views. 81–83. Holotype of D. gervasioi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC/USNM); 84–86. Holotype of D. olivia sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC/USNM). Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: AB = aedeagal basiventral process bifurcation; AP = aedeagal basiventral process; AR = aedeagal basiventral process ramus; AS = aedeagal shaft; ED = ejaculatory duct. Etymology. Specific name based on the given name in apposition after the treehopper specialist Olivia Evangelista, a former student of Dr. A.M. Sakakibara, in honor of her contribution to our knowledge of that group of insects. Remarks. Similarities between this species and D. gervasioi sp. nov. are discussed under that species.