A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae) Author Boza Espinoza, Tatiana Erika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9925-1795 Institute for Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE), Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, Peru tatianaerika@gmail.com Author Kessler, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-9937 Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH- 8008 Zurich, Switzerland text PhytoKeys 2022 2022-08-01 203 1 274 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529 1314-2003-203-1 001CD6EE01E8575F81AC9EFDD0599077 37. Polylepis pallidistigma Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 45: 645. 1911. Figs 97 , 98 Type . Peru . Puno : Prov. Azangaro, Munani , ca. 3650 m , Weberbauer 1369 ( holotype : B destroyed; isotypes: F!, GOET!) . Figure 97. Polylepis pallidistigma Bitter A flowers B lower leaf surface C upper leaf surface D stipule sheaths E leaves F flowering branch G inflorescence H bark. Scale bars: 3 mm ( A ); 1 cm ( B, C ); 2 cm ( F ) 5 mm ( G ). Photographs A, D-H E.G. Urquiaga Flores B, C W. Arque. Description. Trees 2-13 m tall. Leaves slightly congested at the branch tips, imparipinnate with 1(-2) pairs of leaflets, obtrullate in outline, 2.6-4.0 x 2.8-4.0 cm; rachises densely villous, points of leaflet attachment with a tuft of long hairs; stipular sheaths apically truncate, densely villous on the outer surfaces; leaflets elliptic in outline, second pair from the terminal leaflet the largest, one of this pair 1.2-2.0 x 0.5-0.8 cm; margin crenate with 5-8 teeth, apically round or emarginate, basally unequally cordate; upper leaflet surfaces slightly rugose, glabrous to sparsely villous; lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short, white pannose hairs. Inflorescences pendant, 2.7-6.0 cm long, bearing 5-6 flowers; floral bracts 4.2-4.9 mm long, narrowly triangular, densely villous on the outer surface; rachises villous. Flowers 6.8-9.2 mm diam.; sepals 4, ovate, green, densely villous outside; stamens 17-21, anthers orbicular, with a dense tuft of straight white hairs on the upper half; styles fimbriate, 3.3-3.6 mm long. Fruits turbinate, with 2-3 irregular flattened ridges with a series of spines, densely villous; 4.4-5.9 x 3.8-5.9 mm including spines. Tetraploid . Figure 98. Polylepis pallidistigma Bitter A flowering branch B upper leaf surface C lower leaf surface D fruit E stipular sheaths ( A Boertman 139 B, C, E Fernandez 544 D Tovar 5342 ). Scale bars: 6 cm ( A ); 2 cm ( B, C ); 5 mm ( D ). Photographs by T. E. Boza E. Distribution, habitat and ecology. Polylepis pallidistigma is distributed in southern Peru from southern Cusco to Puno (Fig. 103 ). It grows on relatively dry slopes at 3700-4580 m elevation in a region with calcareous rocks. It typically grows on rocky outcrops ( Yallico 1992 , as P. incana ). Average tree height of P. pallidistigma is 2.5-5.0 m with diameters of 5-15 cm ( ECOAN 2006 ). Polylepis pallidistigma patches harbour some of the most specialized and endangered of bird species, such as Anairetes alpinus (Endangered) and Leptasthenura yanacensis (Near Threatened) in the forests of Lawa Lawani and Chingo (Carabaya Province), Asthenes arequipae and Leptasthenura andicola in the Torno (Huancane Province), Bellavista and Quilcapuncu forests (San Antonio de Putina Province) and Conirostrum binghami (= Oreomanes fraseri ) (Near Threatened) present in all evaluated forests ( ECOAN 2006 ). Conservation status. The EOO for Polylepis pallidistigma is estimated as 17,670 km2, the AOO is assessed at 112 km2 and it is known from 17 locations. No protection action has been taken to date. We assess P. pallidistigma as Vulnerable (B1a+B2a). Notes. Polylepis pallidistigma was treated as a synonym of P. besseri by previous authors (e.g., Simpson 1979 ; Kessler 1995b ) and a synonym of P. subtusalbida by Mendoza and Cano (2012) . However, based on its distinct morphology, ecology and distribution, we consider that this taxon should be recognized as different from P. besseri and P. subtusalbida . Polylepis pallidistigma differs from P. besseri by having longer and narrower elliptic leaflets 1.2-2.0 x 0.5-0.8 cm with the lower leaflet surfaces with a dense layer of very short of pannose hairs, whereas P. besseri has shorter and broader obovate leaflets 1.4-1.6 x 0.6-1.1 cm with the layer of pannose hairs and mixed with densely tomentose hairs. Further, P. pallidistigma has a lower number of flowers per inflorescence (5-6) and longer styles (3.3-3.6 mm), whereas P. besseri has 7-9 flowers and styles 2.5-3.1 cm long. Polylepis pallidistigma differs from P. subtusalbida by larger elliptic leaflets (1.2-2.0 x 0.5-0.8 cm versus 0.9-1.6 x 0.4-0.6 cm) with different margins (crenate versus serrate), different hair type of the lower leaflet surfaces (pannose versus tomentose), relatively longer inflorescences (2.7-6.0 cm versus 1.8-3.7 cm) with more flowers per inflorescence (5-6 versus 3-4) and longer styles (3.3-3.6 mm versus 2.8-3.4 mm). Specimens examined. Peru . Cusco : Espinar , Zona del Mamaniwaita , 3900-4100 m , 13 July 1967 , Vargas 19893 (CUZ!) . Puno : Azangaro , Putina , 4200 m , 04 April 1959 , Vargas 12528 (CUZ!); Carabaya , Coasa , Chingo , 14°02'25"S , 70°08'07"W , 4299 m , 07 October 2014 , Boza 3005 (USM!, Z!); Coasa. Chingo, 14°02'49"S , 070°09'19"W , 4511 m , 07 October 2015 , Boza 3006 (USM!, Z!); Entre Macusanin Nunoa , 4000 m , 29 February 1948 , Vargas 7139 (CUZ!, MO!). Huancane, rock outcrop 450 m East of the Huancane coliseo, 15°11'40"S , 069°45'26"W , 3910 m , 06 November 2012 , Sylvester 1822 (CUZ!, Z!); 900 m East up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main Polylepis forest, 15°11'32"S , 069°45'21"W , 3999 m , 06 November 2012 , Sylvester 1825 ; 1827 (CUZ!, Z!); 700 m East up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main Polylepis forest, 15°11'35"S , 069°45'26"W , 3927 m , 06 November 2012 , Sylvester 1829 (CUZ!, Z!); 500 m East up the slope from the Huancane coliseo in the centre of the main Polylepis forest, 15°11'38"S , 069°45'28"W , 3892 m , 06 November 2012 , Sylvester 1830 ; 1831 (CUZ!, Z!). Lampa , Quebrada Metara, 15°10'S , 070°22'W , 3880 m , 01 April 1987 , Boertmann 136 ; 137 ; 138 ; 139 (AAU!); Pampa Changanchaca between Lampa and Pucara , 15°10'S , 070°22'W , 3800 m , 02 April 1987 , Boertmann 141 (AAU!); Inticancha in lower Quebrada Metara N of Centro Yaurinco , 15°10'S , 070°22'W , 3850-4000 m , 01 April 1987 , Brandbyge 569 ; 573 (AAU!); Cerro Chacapacha, 3900-4000 m , 21 May 1988 , Del Carpio 728 ; 729 (USM!); Cara-cara, cerca a Pucara , 3900 m , 27 September 1984 , Fernandez 544 (USM!); Inticancha in lower Quebrada Metara N of Cerro Yaurinco , 15°10'S , 070°22'W , 3850-4000 m , 01 April 1987 , Kessler 573 (AAU!); Areas rocosas, Lamparaquen, 15°19'00"S , 070°27'00"W , 4130 m , 06 June 2009 , Montesinos 2675 (USM!); SW facing slope 900 m NE of a large lake 8.5 km East of Lampa , close to the hamlet Chanacahua , 15°23'11"S , 070°17'22"W , 3986 m , 06 November 2012 , Sylvester 1802 (CUZ!, Z!); Base of south facing cliff on the south facing slope overlooking the hamlet of Chanacahua , 15°22'54"S , 070°17'04"W , 4075 m , 06 November 2012 , Sylvester 1816 (CUZ!, Z!); Alrededores de Pucara , 3850-3900 m , 12 March 1966 , Tovar 5342 (USM!); Laderas de Pucara , 3850 m , 03 November 1966 , Vargas 18293 (CUZ!); Lampa , 3900-4400 m , 25 March 1988 , Velasquez 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 8 ; 9 ; 11 (MO!); Melgar, Nunoa , 14°28'24"S , 070°35'43"W , 4038 m , 06 October 2014 , Boza 3003 (USM!, Z!); Nunoa , 14°25'38"S , 070°34'01"W , 4094 m , 06 October 2014 , Boza 3004 (USM!, Z!). Palca, Palca, 15°15'08"S , 070°32'05"W , 3960 m , 04 April 2005 , Aedo 11124 (USM!). Puno, Slopes east of Puno , 3800 m , 29 January 1975 , Antunez de Mayolo 87 (USM!); On dry places, 3125 m , 02 January 1920 , Shepard 150 (A!). San Antonio de Putina , Quilcapuncu, 14°54'20"S , 069°45'18"W , 3952 m , 08 October 2014 , Boza 3007 (CUZ!, USM!); Near Puno, 4000 m , 01 July 1936 , Soukup 365 (F!) .