Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species From The Western Hemisphere And Food Plant Records From Area De Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica Author Solis, M. Alma Author Rodríguez, Eugenie Phillips- Author Hallwachs, Winnie Author Dapkey, Tanya Author Janzen, Daniel H. text Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 2020 2020-02-29 122 1 147 171 journal article 10.4289/0013-8797.122.1.147 5b53b2fd-98cb-4450-96cc-b8e26c1e093f 3724748 Asturodes bioalfae Solis , new species http://zoobank.org/ 496C5234-EF12- 4BF9-AF4D-6AFA7E12FBA4 ( Figs. 3 , 10 , 16‒17 , 22 ) Diagnosis.—A dark brown line in radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 1/2 as long as the first lengthwise line ( Figs. 3 , 10 , see red circle); female genitalia with ductus bursae anterior third of equal width throughout ( Fig. 22 ). Description.—Adult. Head : Vertex with upright yellow scales with mostly dark brown scales on posterior side of and behind scape. Proboscis with yellow scales basally, becoming dark brown as proboscis curves under. Labial palpus as in A. fimbriauralis ( Fig. 6 ) with first and second segments yellow, with dark band anteriorly, entire width. Thorax: Forewing pattern as in Figures 3 and 10 , a dark brown line posterior to M2 near margin, only a spot on M1 with no dark brown band to postmedial line; reniform spot a dark brown circle with a spot in the center, a dark brown line on radial area between reniform spot and postmedial line; first lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs3 and Rs4 broad; second lengthwise line of zigzag between Rs4 and M1 1/2 as long as first lengthwise line ( Fig. 10 , see red circle); antemedial line complete. Abdomen : Third abdominal tergite anteriorly with a dark brown transverse band, fourth with anteromedial dark spot, fifth tergite with a silver transverse band posteriorly ( Fig. 3 ). Male genitalia ( Figs. 16–17 ) with uncus head short, lateral setae, and basally dorsomedial setae; uncus tip not prominent. Parateguminal androconia oblong, trapezoid, not wide. Valva with fibula, or sclerotized, thin, scoop-like process curving toward costal margin. Juxta slightly sclerotized. Phallus with vesica proximally with thick spines in two square-like patterns. Female genitalia ( Fig. 22 ) with ductus bursae with a square-like antrum about 2 mm in width, followed by a sclerotized band and two small, sclerotized structures within that are as wide as the band, remainder membranous, then ductus bursae twice as wide as antrum, then constricted again, similar to antrum width to corpus bursae. Corpus bursae round, signum absent. Ductus seminalis originating about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae. Etymology.—The species epithet ” bioalfae ” is a noun named for Costa Rica’s new plan to become the first bioliterate tropical nation; BioAlfa is derived from BioAlfabetizado, which in Spanish means to be bioliterate. Distribution.— Mexico south to South America, including Trinidad . This species is often difficult to distinguish from A. junkoshimurae ; it is recommended that specimens that are rubbed or in poor condition be dissected or barcoded for confirmation. Biological remarks.—This species has been reared 95 times from wild collected caterpillars on G. polygama ( Rhamnaceae ) in the ACG rain forest by DHJ and WH ( Janzen and Hallwachs 2019 ). DNA barcodes of this species are so similar to those of A. junkoshimurae that the BIN algorithm puts them in the same BIN (BOLD:AAA0406), but the distinctive shallow split within the BIN led to detailed examination of their genitalia. This examination confirmed that the BIN contained two similar species that can be distinguished by genitalia and minimal differences in barcodes. It is also notable that A. bioalfae has been found only in the ACG rain forest, while A. junkoshimurae occurs throughout the ACG dry forest, rain forest and intergrades, wherever Gouania occurs. Type Material.— HOLOTYPE ♀ : COSTA RICA : Alajuela : Area de Conservación Guanacaste , Sector Rincon Rain Forest : Sendero Huerta , 527 m , pupa eclosed 11/14/2011 , larva collected 10/31/2011 , fp: Gouania polygama , 11- SRNP-4249 [USNMENT01462909]. PARATYPES : COSTA RICA : Alajuela : 1 ♂ , Camino Porvenir , 383 m , 10.90383 , -85.25964 , ecl. 11. II. 2011 , coll. 26. I. 2011 , fp: G. polygama , USNM slide #115636, 11-SRNP-40462 [USNMENT01462946]; 1 ♂ , Conguera , 420 m , 10.91589 , -85.26631 , ecl. 14. III. 2010 , coll. 17. II. 2010 , fp: G. polygama , USNM slide #115634, 10- SRNP-40612 [USNMENT01462940]; 1♀ , Estación Caribe , 415 m , 10.90187 , -85.27495 , ecl. 30. IX. 2009 , coll. 11. IX. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09-SRNP- 42529 [USNMENT01462954]; 1♀ , Flecha , 491 m , 10.94741 , -85.31501 , ecl. 11. VIII. 2009 , coll. 27. VII. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , USNM slide #115492, 09- SRNP-69657 [USNMENT01462895]; 2 ♂♂ , Llano Conostegia , 430 m , 10.89492 , -85.26671 , ecl. 17. X. 2011 , coll. 27. IX. 2011 , fp: G. polygama , 11-SRNP- 44365 [USNMENT01462941]; 2♀♀ , Quebrada Escondida , 420 m , 10.89928 , -85.27486 , ecl., coll. 22. IX. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09-SRNP-42658 [USN- MENT 01462956 ]; 1♀ , Rio Areno , 460 m , 10.91407 , -85.38174 , ecl. 18. IX. 2009 , coll. 4. IX. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09-SRNP-4636 [USNMENT01462951]; 2♀♀ , Rio Blanco Abajo , 500 m , 10.90037 , -85.37254 , ecl. 11. IV. 2009 , coll. 29. III. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09-SRNP- 1225 [USNMENT01462957]; ecl. 1. XII. 2009 , coll. 16. XI. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09-SRNP-6047 [USN- MENT 01462953 ]; 1♀ , Rio Francia Arriba , 400 m , 10.89666 , -85.29003 , ecl. 13. VIII. 2012 , coll. 25. VII. 2012 , fp: G. polygama , 12-SRNP-43772 [USN- MENT 01462939 ]; 1♀ , 3 ♂♂ , San Lucas , 320 m , 10.91847 , -85.30338 , ecl. 1. X. 2009 , coll. 18. IX. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09- RNP-42578 [USNMENT01462952]; ecl. 30. X. 2009 , coll. 7. X. 2009 , fp: G. polygama , 09-SRNP-42790 [USNMENT- 01462955]; ecl. 24. VI. 2010 , coll. 11. VI. 2010 , fp: G. polygama , USNM slide #115493, 10-SRNP-42150 [USNMENT- 01462900]; ecl. 30. VI. 2010 , coll. 14. VI. 2010 , fp: G. polygama , 10-SRNP-42226 [USNMENT01462944]; 2♀♀ , same data as holotype , ecl. 5. II. 2010 , coll. 11. I. 2010 , 10-SRNP-297 [USNMENT- 01462950]; ecl. 7. XI. 2011 , coll. 22. X. 2011 , fp: G. polygama , 11-SRNP-4164 [USNMENT01462935]; 1♀ , Sendero Venado , 420 m , 10.89678 , -85.27001 , ecl. 20. IV. 2010 , coll. 3. IV. 2010 , fp: G. polygama , USNM slide #115637, 10- SRNP-41302 [USNMENT01462942]; 1♀ , Tajo Angeles , 540 m , 10.86472 , -85.41531 , ecl. 27. VII. 2010 , coll. 12. VII. 2010 , fp: G. polygama , 10-SRNP-3827 [USN- MENT 01462948 ]. Other specimens examined: BELIZE : Cayo : 1♀ , M [oun]t[ai]n. Pine Ridge , Granite Cairn , 15. VI. 1990 , L. C. Dow [ MGCL ]; 1 ♂ , 1♀ , San Ignacio , 22. VI. 1990 , L. C. Dow [ MGCL ]; 1 ♂ , 10-11. VI. 1990 [ MGCL ]; Stan Creek : 1♀ , Cockscomb Wildlife Sanct [uary]., Jaguar Preserve , 10-12. V. 1990 , L. C. Dow [ MGCL ]. BRAZIL : Rondonia : 3 ♂♂ , 62 km S Ariquemes , Fazenda Rancho Grande , 62 ° 48 ̍ W , 0 ° 32 ̍ S , 165 m , 18‒26. IV. 1991 , R. Leuschner [USN- MENT 01116069 , USNMENT01116070, USNMENT01116071]; 2 ♂♂ , Faz. Rancho Grande , Vic. Cacaulândia , 16. III. 91 , C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116081]; 15. III. 91 [USNMENT01116076]; 1 ♂ , Porto Velho , 180 m , 30. IV. 1989 , V. O. Becker [USNMENT01116072]; 1 ♂ , 24- 30. IV. 1989 [USNMENT01116077]; Para : 2 ♂ , Belem , 20 m , I. 1984 , V. O. Becker [USNMENT01116073, USNMENT01- 116078]; 4 ♂♂ , Maraba , 50 m , 9. I. 1977 , V. O. Becker [USNMENT01116074, USN- MENT 01116075 , USNMENT01116079, USNMENT01116080]; Maranhao : 1 ♂ , Acailandia , 150 m , 19‒27. XI. 1990 , V. O. Becker and G. S. Dubois [USNME- NT 01116236]; abdomen missing, Rondonia , 62 km S Ariquemes , 165 m , Faz. Rancho Grande , 10 ° 32 ̍ S , 62 ° 48 ̍ W , 27.VIII‒8. IX. 1994 , R. Leuschner [ MGCL ]. COLOMBIA : Valle : 1 ♂ , Calima Dam , 76 ° 34 ̍ , 3 ° 53 ̍ , 100 m , 11. I. 1992 , J. B. Sullivan [USNMENT01469976]; 1 ♂ , Narino , Las Marias , Rio Satinga , 20. VIII. 1977 , R. W. Hutchings [ MGCL ]. COSTA RICA : Limón : 1 ♀ , Six [a]ola Riv [er], IV. 1907 , W. Schaus [USN- MENT 01116105 ]; Heredia : 2 ♀♀ , Chilamate , 100 m , 11. VIII. 1986 , C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116104, USNMENT01116105]; Cartago : 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , Turrialba , 15‒19. VII. 1965 , P. J. Spangler [USNMENT01116238, USN- MENT 01116239 ]; Guanacaste : 1 ♀ , Rio La Vieja nr. Lagarto , 2‒3. VII. 1967 , Flint & Ortiz [USNMENT011162402]; 1 ♀ , Hacienda Los Inocentes , 350 m , 11 ° 2 ̍ 0.67" , 85 ° 30 ̍ 14.29" , 8‒9. IX. 2005 , A. Sourakov [ MGCL ]. ECUADOR : Morona Santiago : 1♀ , Macas , no date, E. W. Rorer [USNMENT01116096]; Napo : 1♀ , Limoncocha , el. 240, 24‒ 27. VI. 1980 , C. V. Covell, Jr. [USN- MENT 01116102 ]; 1 ♂ , Jct. Rio Napo & Misahualli , 77 ° 664 ̍ W , 1.034 ° S , 366 m , 6‒18. IX. 1998 , R. Leuschner [USN- MENT 01116100 ]; Orellana : 1 ♂ , Rio Shripuno , Shiripuno Lodge , 26 km SE bridge on rd. from Coca , 76 ° 43.54 ̍ W , 1 ° 06.17 ° S , 230 m , 20‒22. I. 2009 , J. S. Miller , D. Wagner , E. Tapia , and W. Simbana [USNMENT01116101]; 1♀ , Coca , Rio Napo , 20. VI. 1986 , L. Kasarov [ MGCL ]; Pichincha : 1 ♂ , Sto Domingo de los Colorados , 22. IX. 1970 , R. E. Dietz [USNMENT01116095]; 2 ♂♂ , 1♀ , 600 m , 6‒11. V. 1990 , R. Leuschner [USN- MENT 01116097 , USNMENT01116098, USNMENT01116099]. FRENCH GUI- ANA : Saint-Laurent-du Maroni : 1 ♂ , St. Jean , no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116092]; Cayenne : 2 ♂♂ , vic. Cacao , 30. III. 1986 , C. V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01116093, USNMENT01116094]; 1 ♂ , Roura , 40 km E , R. dePatawa, 20. XII. 1997 , W. H. Russell [ MGCL ]. GUATEMALA : Izabal : 2♀♀ , Cayuga , IV , Schaus and Barnes [USN- MENT 01116257 , USNMENT01116258]; 2♀♀ , Biotopo Chocon Machacas , 5 m , at MV Light , 18‒20. VI. 2002 , J. C. Schuster and R. E. Woodruff [ MGCL ]; 1♀ , Matis de Galvez , 14‒16. VIII. 1965 , Flint and Ortiz [USNMENT01116262]; 1♀ , 5 mi. S . Guatemala City , 7. VIII. 1965 , no collector [USNMENT01116259, USN- MENT 01116260 ]; Suchitepequez : 1 ♂ , Cuyotenango , 10‒20. VI. 1966 , Flint and Ortiz , [USNMENT01116261]. HONDURAS : 1♀ , 18 km west of La Ceiba, 2. VI. 1979 , R. Lehman [USN- MENT 01116289 ]. MEXICO : Chiapas : 1 ♂ , Chiapas , no date, Hoffman [USNMENT01116263]; Veracruz : 1♀ , Cordoba , 6. V. 08 , F. Knab [USN- MENT 01116267 ]; 1 ♂ , 19. VI. 1966 , A. B. Lau [USNMENT01116268]; Orizaba : 1♀ , Orizaba , I. 1911 , R. Muller [USN- MENT 01116264 ]; 1 ♂ , Orizaba , no date, W. Schaus [USNMENT01116265]; San Luis Potosi : 1 ♂ , 25 mi. N . Tamazunchale, 400 ft , 3‒4. VIII. 1963 , Duckworth and Davis [USNMENT01116270]; 1 ♂ , 2 mi. N . Tamazunchale, 400 ft , 16‒ 18. VII. 1963 , Duckworth and Davis [USN- MENT 01116271 ]; Tabasco : 1♀ , Reforma , 2. VI. 1938 [USNMENT01116266]. PAN- AMA : Cabima : 1 ♂ , Cabima , 16. V. 1911 , A. Busck [USNMENT01116066]; Canal Zone : 1 ♂ , Fort Clayton , Q [uar]t[er]s. 426, 9. VII. 1951 , no collector [USN- MENT 01116067 ]; 1♀ , Ft. Clayton, F. S. Blanton [USNMENT01116256]; 2♀♀ , Rio Trinidad , 15‒31. III. 1912 , A. Busck [USN- MENT 01116244 , USNMENT01116243]; 1♀ , Barro Colo . I [s]l[an]d, Z. No. 4725, Lot No. 41-4653, at light, 21. III. 1942 , J. Zetek [USNMENT01116247]; 1♀ , Z. No. 4927, Lot No. 42-4149; at light, 2. III. 1942 , no collector [USNMENT01116248]; 1♀ , Barro Colo . I [sland], Z. No. 4683, Lot No. 40-21578, 10. X. 1940 , no collector [USNMENT01116249]; 1 ♂ , San Lorenzo , 79 ° 58 ̍ W , 9 ° 17 ̍ N , 22. X. 2003 , CAN 1 , R. L. Kitching [USNMENT01116252]; 1 ♂ , GRND 3 , 13. X. 2003 [USNMEN- T 01116251]; 1 ♂ , Canopy 2, 27. IX. 2003 [USNMENT01116252]; 1 ♂ , Canopy 2, 27. IX. 2003 , no collector [USNMENT- 01116253]; 1 ♂ , Canopy 1, 5. I. 2003 , no collector [USNMENT01116254]; Bocas del Toro : 1 ♂ , Bocasdelton [sic], I. 1914 , no collector [USNMENT01116245]. PERU : 1 ♂ , Madre de Dios : Rio Tambopata Res ; 30 air km SW P [uer]to Maldonado , 290 m , subtropical moist forest, 6‒10. XI. 1979 , J. B. Heppner [USNMENT01116091]; Manu : 1♀ , Pakitza , Trail 2, m[ar]k[e]r. 9, 71 ° 18 ̍ W , 11 ° 56 ̍ S , 250 m , 21-22.IX. 1989 , D. Adamski and M. Epstein [UN- MENT 01116065 ]; Maynas : 1♂ , Iquitos , 24. III. 1987 , L. Kasarov [MGCL]. TRI- NIDAD: 1♀ , Mornebleu , 9.I.1982 , O. Pellmyr [USNMENT01116241]; 1 ♀ , Arima Valley , Andrew Trace , sec. forest UTM 848 844, Uv light, 10. I. 1982 , O. Pellmyr [USNMENT01116242]; 1♂ , Asa Wright Nature C[en]t[e]r, 6 mi. N of Arima , 1000 ̍ , 2‒7. IX. 2000 , R. Leuschner [USNMENT01469975]; 1♀ , St. Augustine , Pax Guest House , blacklight trap, 3‒10.XI.2000 , R. E. Woodruff [ MGCL ]. VENEZUELA : Amazonas : 1♂ , Cerro de la Neblina Basecamp , 66 ° 10 ̍ W , 0 ° 50 ̍ N , 140 m , At black light in rainforest clearing near Rio Baria , 27.I.1985 , P.J. and P.M. Spangler , R. Faitoute, W. Steiner [USNMENT0- 1116090]; Aragua : Rancho Grande : 1 ♀ , 1100 m , 22‒31.VIII.1967 , R. W. Poole [USNMENT01116085]; 2♂♂ , 1100 m , cloud forest, 16-20. VII. 1981 , J. Heppner [USNMENT01116278, USNMENT- 01116279]; 1♂ , 1100 m , 22‒23. VI. 1984 , C.V. Covell, Jr. [USNMENT01469942]; Barinas : 1 ♂ , Barrancas Research Sta [tion]. Rio Yuca , 400 ft , seasonal forest, black light, 1. II. 1978 , J.B. Heppner [USNMENT0- 1116083]; Bolivar : 1 ♀ , 14 km S of El Dorado , lowland rain forest, black-light, 19. III. 1978 , J.B. Heppner [USNMENT- 01116084]; 1 ♀ , Kanarakuni , 450 m , 8.II.1967 , F. Fernandez and A.D. Ascoli [USNMENT01116266]; Carabobo : 3 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ , San Esteban , 1–20. XII. 1939 , P.J. Anduse [USNMENT01116087, USNMENT01116- 088, USNMENT01116089, USNMEN- T 01116272]; Merida : 1♂ , 5 km SW Santa Maria de Caparo , 500 ft , lowland seasonal forest, 23. II. 1978 , J.B. Heppner [USN- MENT 01116086 ]; Yaracuy : 3♂♂ , 2 ♀ , Aroa , no date, W. Schaus [USN- MENT 01116273 , USNMENT01116274, USNMENT01116275, USNMENT01116276, USNMENT01116277]; Zulia : 3♂♂ , 2 ♀ , Guasare coal camp, 45 km W . Cassasquero, Sierra Perija , 80-140 m , 19-25.VIII.1981 , J. Heppner [USNMENT01116280, USN- MENT 01116281 , USNMENT01116282, USNMENT01116283, USNMENT01116284, USNMENT01116285]; 1♂ , Yurubi Nat [iona]l. Park 20 km SE Yumare , montane seasonal forest, 9. III. 1978 , J. B. Heppner [USNMENT01116082].