First phylogeny of Trichomyia (Diptera: Psychodidae: Trichomyiinae) based on morphological data of adults Author Araújo, Maíra Xavier Author Bravo, Freddy Author Carvalho, Claudio José Barros De text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2023 2023-03-21 198 3 871 900 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad004 journal article 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad004 0024-4082 8147516 19CB31B7-E41A-4BC4-B6FD-A759FB33B86F TRICHOMYIA ( DACTYLOTRICHOMYIA ) DUCKHOUSE , 1978 Dactylotrichomyia Duckhouse, 1978: 213 . Type species: Trichomyia tanypenis Duckhouse, 1978 , by original designation. Species included: Trichomyia ancyropenis Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia annectens Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia barbata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia bifalcata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia biuncata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia congoensis Satchell, 1956 ; Trichomyia contigua Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia coronula Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia crucis Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia divaricata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia divergens Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia dolichostylis Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia falcata Quate & Quate, 1967 ; Trichomyia fergusoni Duckhouse, 1965 ; Trichomyia furtiva Quate & Quate, 1967 ; Trichomyia hawaiiensis Quate, 1954 ; Trichomyia humerosa Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia incomplexa Duckhouse, 1965 ; Trichomyia inopis Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia jugabilis Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia juxta Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia malaya Quate, 1962 ; Trichomyia noctivolata Quate & Quate, 1967 ; Trichomyia paenefalcata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia palauensis Quate, 1959 ; Trichomyia palmata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia parafalcata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia paranoctivolata Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia propinqua Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia repanda Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia tanypenis Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia triaina Duckhouse, 1978 ; Trichomyia trifida Quate, 1965 ; Trichomyia trifilis Quate, 1965 ; and Trichomyia trivialis Quate & Quate, 1967 . Comments: Two synapomorphies allowed the recovery of Dactylotrichomyia : the dorsal arm of gonocoxite digitiform (99-3); and gonocoxal apodemes with a pair of subcircular projections in the distal region, close to the gonocoxite (109-0). This subgenus includes species groups from South Africa , Madagascar and ~75% of species from the Australian region. The species present more or less reduced articulation between the second and third flagellomere of the antenna. According to Duckhouse (1978) , the key diagnostic characteristics of male genitalia include a digitiform setose apicolateral process, with nodular bristles in the gonocoxite, which begins near the level of articulation of the gonostylus, a structure now known as the arm of gonocoxite. The hypandrium is fused with the gonocoxite, except in T. crucis , which has an arm of the ventral gonocoxite. Within this subgenus, Duckhouse (1978) identified five species groups ( tanypenis , inopis , falcata , parafalcata and barbata ). The tanypenis group is delimited by species that have a toothed arm of the ventral gonocoxite (except in T. crucis ); the gonostylus is thicker and shorter than the dorsal arm of gonocoxite. The aedeagus extends beyond the gonostylus, and e parameres are prominent. The hypoproct is shorter than the cercus, with dorsally extending microtrichia, resulting in a prickly appearance. The inopis group is delimited by a gonocoxite arm directed to the ventral region and with a row of rod-shaped setae. The gonostylus is long and thin, and the aedeagus does not extend beyond its apex; the parameres are tapered and diverging apically. The falcata group is delimited based on flagellomeres with embedded joints, and the hypandrium with a flap projected over the aedeagus, now defined as a post-hypandrial plate. The shape of the ventral gonocoxite arm differs from that in other species of the subgenus, being more robust and wide, larger than the dorsal arm of the gonocoxite, and strongly curved to the internal region. The aedeagus is wide, and the parameres appear laterally and curved, crossing apically ( Duckhouse, 1978 ). The parafalcata group is characterized by the presence of a ventral gonocoxite arm in the form of a plate. The barbata group is not well defined by Duckhouse (1978) and is described based solely on the comparison of the species. Based on the analysis of groups proposed by Duckhouse (1978) , Dactylotrichomyia should not be recognized as a monophyletic group without re-examination of some species from the Philippines . In this context, the present analysis provided good support for Dactylotrichomyia , although internal groupings showed certain instability compared with the analysis of equal and implied weighting with different k -values. The subgenus presents six synapomorphies: absence of a suture between the apiculus and the last flagellomere; wing with the base of R 2 without microtrichia; male terminalia showing the ventral arm of the gonocoxite with irregular margins and a slightly acuminated apex; the ventral arm of the gonocoxite digitiform, except in species lacking this arm; gonocoxal apodemes with a visible suture at the junction that forms the gonocoxal bridge; and a semicircular projection on the gonocoxal apodeme. Regarding the initially proposed grouping, a few satisfactory synapomorphies are available in the work of Duckhouse (1978) to define these groups as monophyletic. In the present analysis, although few species were used, all groups were recovered. The relationship between the groups in both works shows parafalcata as the sister group of falcata , and barbata as the sister group of tanypenis . The inopis group (represented here by T. inopis ) appears adjacent to T. incomplexa , a species not included in any grouping by Duckhouse (1978) . Furthermore, T. trifida , a species from the Oriental region without a defined position, is the sister group of T. furtiva in our phylogeny, presenting as a synapomorphy the presence of an elongated digitiform and ventral arm of gonocoxite, which is a characteristic present in both species of the parafalcata group.