Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis Author Cock, Matthew J. W. Author Congdon, T. Colin E. Author Collins, Steve C. text Zootaxa 2016 4066 3 201 247 journal article 51187 10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1 efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70 1175-5326 264653 680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218 Hypoleucis ophiusa Hewitson, 1866 This species occurs in two subspecies, the nominate ssp. ( Figure 25 ) from Senegal to Gabon and western Zaire , and ssp. ophir Evans from Uganda ( type locality), the rest of Zaire and Zambia ( Ackery et al . 1995 ). FIGURE 25 . Adult Hypoleucis ophiusa ophiusa , Port Harcourt , Nigeria [© D. Motshagen]. Food plants. Larsen (1991) indicates that one species of Hypoleucis is recorded from Costus ; this is probably based on MJWC’s records for H. ophiusa (below). Vuattoux (1999) reared this species six times at Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire from Costus afer and Paracostus englerianus (= Costus englerianus , see Specht & Stevenson 2006 ). Larsen (2005) describes finding caterpillars on C. afer at Obudu Town, Nigeria ( Oct 1996 ): the leaf shelters are made of ‘rolled leaves and the caterpillar devours three-quarters of the leaf before changing shelter, and on this occasion almost defoliated the plant. Pupation took place at the very base of a leaf, attached by the cremaster at the stem of the food plant, without making a shelter’. The lack of a shelter may reflect the lack of leaves rather than normal biology (T.B. Larsen pers. comm. 2015). Vande weghe (2010) gives the food plant as Costus . MJWC reared H. ophiusa in Côte d'Ivoire (MJWC 89/213) and Cameroon (MJWC 90/207) on Costus sp(p). The food plant in Cameroon was also the food plant of Caenides dacena and is shown in Figure 28 under that species; it was identified as either Costus afer or C. lucanusianus . Caterpillars did not accept Hedychium sp. ( Zingiberaceae ) in captivity. The following observations were made on two caterpillars collected in the Forêt du Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire in June 1989 (MJWC 89/213), except the head and spiracle measurements are the average of all material available. Leaf shelters. The leaf shelters are distinctive; a leaf of about 150-200mm length is cut diagonally at about 1/ 3 from base, from one margin, through the mid-rib to within a 10mm of the other margin; the hanging distal portion is then rolled upwards to make a tubular shelter of about 5mm diameter, and 50-80mm length. The leaf shelter found near Douala, Cameroon (MJWC 90/207) was noted to be similar. FIGURE 26. Caterpillars of Hypoleucis ophiusa ophiusa , collected on Costus sp., Forêt du Yapo, Côte d’Ivoire, 3 Jun 1989; MJWC 89/213B. 1 , penultimate instar, detail of head in anterodorsal view; moulted and photographed 14 Jun; 15mm; 2 , final instar, detail of head in anterodorsolateral view; moulted and photographed 14 Jun; 21mm; 3 , final instar, dorsolateral view, as #2. Caterpillar. The penultimate and n-2 instars are translucent dark green with a black, rugose head, paler ventrally (Figure 26.1); the head of the former measured 0.8 x 1.2mm wide x high, and of the later 1.8 x 2.1mm . The final instar (Figure 26.2–3) measured 21mm about half way through the instar; head 2.3 x 3.3 wide x high, indent at vertex, widest towards base; rugose; very light brown with brown line adjacent to epicranial suture and from vertex laterally to stemmata; brown line down centre of each epicranium; half of adfrontals against frons brown. Body dull, translucent green, dorsal line darker; pronotum a narrow black plate on posterior margin T1, stopping short of the spiracles; spiracles light brown, those of T1 and A8 more conspicuous; pale subcutaneous patch around and above spiracle A8; all legs concolorous except those of T1 slightly brown. Pupa. MJWC found that in captivity the pupa is formed in the last caterpillar leaf shelter. No description was prepared of the pupa from life. It is similar in shape to those of Semalea spp. and Xanthodisca spp., but the colour is light green apart from a dark dorsal line on thorax and abdomen, brown spiracles and the light brown rim to the spiracle of T1 ( Figure 27 ). The emerged pupa is white. The rim of spiracle T1 measures 0.44mm dorsally, 0.42mm ventrally, 0.29mm posteriorly and the hole is 0.34mm wide dorsoventrally. The pupa took 20 days to complete development, while another from Cameroon (MJWC 90/207) took 26 days.