Integration or minimalism: twenty-one new species of ghost spiders (Anyphaenidae: Anyphaena) from Mexico Author Rivera-Quiroz, F. Andrés 970DAA18-987A-4819-BE46-A3D399F77409 Understanding Evolution Research Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands. Laboratorio de Aracnología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México Ciudad Universitaria, México D. F. Del. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Mexico. andres.riveraquiroz@naturalis.nl Author Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando 0B5D4EFE-71E9-4C44-AF70-98C2E7BB37E6 fap@ciencias.unam.mx text European Journal of Taxonomy 2023 2023-04-25 865 1 94 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.865.2097 journal article 53278 10.5852/ejt.2023.865.2097 3a63a183-743e-4185-8fdc-1080072ada0a 2118-9773 7867448 845BAE1A-0E6E-484B-BE6D-17F866777B51 Pectorosa group Diagnosis The pectorosa group can be separated from other Anyphaena species groups by the following characters. Males Coxae II, III and IV ventral surface armed with spurs and/or tubercles. Coxae II tubercle sometimes reduced. Coxae III and IV commonly with spurs, the spurs on coxa III may be bifurcated ( Fig. 35E–F ). The general shape of the male palp is similar to that in the porta and pacifica groups. It can be separated from the former by the relative length of the palpal tibia and the general shape of the RTA. It differs from the latter by the relative length and direction of the RTA posterior branch. Female Epigynum with an atrium anterior to the spermathecae. Copulatory openings anterior to the atrium usually under the hood. Copulatory ducts very sclerotized and usually longer than 1.5 times the spermathecae diameter and always projecting posteriorly, ‘encircling’ the atrium in dorsal view ( A. epicardia sp. nov. , A. dulceae sp. nov. , A. sofiae sp. nov. , A. rebecae sp. nov. and A. franciscoi sp. nov. ). Exceptions to the standard length and shape of the copulatoy ducts, and sometimes the overall shape of the atrium, can be found in A. noctua sp. nov. , A. jimenezi sp. nov , and A. bifurcata sp. nov. Spermatheca well sclerotized, oval to spherical except in A. sofiae sp. nov. ( Figs 18C , 21C , 38C ).