An annotated catalogue of the Buprestidae of Iran (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea) Author Ghahari, Hassan Author Volkovitsh, Mark G. Author Bellamy, Charles L. text Zootaxa 2015 3984 1 1 141 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3984.1.1 30f05c9f-072f-440d-8ac5-b07d47a3f387 1175-5326 245157 318FD9EA-E85D-4AEF-8E02-15EE13295F1B Genus CAPNODIS Eschscholtz, 1829 synonym: Caloptera Gistel 1834 . Capnodis anthracina (Fischer von Waldheim) 1830: 184 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925 : 80 ; Richter 1952 : 167 ; Davatchi 1958 : 67 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 : 244 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 72 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 , 1976: 129; Bílý 1983a : 55 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 66 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 133 ; Borumand 2002 : 32 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 952 ; Sakenin et al . 2008: 34; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 236 . synonym: anthracina Faldermann 1835 : 140 (homonym). synonym: bactriana Semenov-Tian-Shankij 1891 : 334; Modarres Awal 1997 : 133. synonym: cribricollis Abeille de Perrin 1896: 270 (variety of anthracina ). Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Pistacia mutica (Anacardiaceae) , wild and cultivated fruit trees ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ); Pistacia spp., branches ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ); almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ) and on other cultivated and wild stone fruit trees, pistachio ( Pistacia sp.) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . "Azerbedjan: Massif du Sahend" ( Théry 1925 ). Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 as bactriana ), East Azarbaijan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ; Sakenin et al . 2008), Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as bactriana ), Hormozgan, Kerman ( Bílý 1983a ), Khorasan, West Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002 ), Kordestan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as bactriana ; Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Isfahan, Lorestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 as bactriana ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), eastern provinces ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Most data for the host-plants and distribution in Iran possibly refer to other Capnodis species ( PistaciaC. cariosa , fruit trees— C. henningii ). Capnodis cariosa ( Pallas) 1776 : 708 ( Buprestis ); 1781: 66; Modarres Awal 1997 : 133 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 953 ; Arjomandi et al . 2014 : 598 . synonym: bruttia ( Petagna) 1787 : 22 ( Buprestis ). Immatures: Alexeev 1994: 26. Host plant(s) within Iran . Almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ), pistachio ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Fars , Kerman, Semnan, Zanjan and other northern provinces ( Modarres Awal 1997 ), Guilan ( Arjomandi et al . 2014 ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Egypt , Georgia , Greece , Iraq , Israel , Italy , Jordan , Lebanon , Macedonia , Moldavia , Romania , Russia , Slovenia , Syria , Turkey , Ukraine , former Yugoslavia (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. This species is associated with Anacardiaceae , the record for Amygdalus in Modarres Awal (1997) is doubtful. Capnodis cariosa hauseri Obenberger 1928b : 67 ; Richter 1952 : 158 ; Davatchi 1958 : 64 ; Davatchi et al. 1959 : 244 (as cariosa ); Farahbakhsh 1960 : 72 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 ; Adeli 1972 : 10 ; Radjabi 1976 : 129 ; Bílý 1983a : 55 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 66 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 (variety of cariosa ); Borumand 2002 : 33 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 953 . Immatures: Davatchi 1958 : 66. Biology/Bionomy: Davatchi 1958 : 66. Host plant(s) within Iran . Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae) ( Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ); Pistacia atlantica mutica (Adult!) ( Bílý 1983a ), Pistacia spp., roots ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ); Pistachio ( Adeli 1972 , Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Bushehr ( Obenberger 1928b ), Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Hormozgan, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a ), Kerman ( Davatchi 1958 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Adeli 1972 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kermanshah ( Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 ), Khorasan, Markazi, Semnan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Zanjan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ), Qazvin ( Davatchi 1958 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 ), central provinces ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Iraq , Turkey (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Capnodis cariosa iranica Bogatchev 1947 : 17 (subspecies of cariosa ); Salavatian 1950 : 8 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 ; Adeli 1972 : 10 ; Radjabi 1976 : 129 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 74 , 82, 106; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 34 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 953 . Host plant(s) within Iran . Pistachier ( Pistacia , Anacardiaceae ) ( Salavatian 1950 ), pistachio, probably Rhus coggygria , Rh. cotinus (Anacardiaceae) , almond ( Amygdalus sp), apricot, peach, plum ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ), oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis , Platanaceae ), poplar ( Populus sp.), and willow ( Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ); Pistacia , Populus , Platanus and fruit trees ( Adeli 1972 ); Populus spp., Salix spp., Prunus spp., roots and collar ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ); almond, pistachio and probably on apricot, garden plum, peach, sloe tree, oriental plane, poplar, willow, smoke tree ( Cotinus sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran : Fars ( Bogatchev 1947 ; Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Lorestan, Zanjan and other southern, western and central provinces ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Qazvin ( Bogatchev 1947 ; Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ), Tehran ( Adeli 1972 ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Note. The majority of host plants are doubtful except for Pistacia , Rhu s and Cotinus . Capnodis excisa Ménétriés 1848 : 28 ; Théry 1925 : 80 ; Richter 1952 : 160 ; Davatchi et al. 1959 : 244 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 ; Bílý 1983a : 54 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 25 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 34 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 953 ; Sakenin et al . 2008: 33; Bílý et al. 2011 : 203 . Biology/Bionomy: Kaplin 1981 (with bibliography). Host plant(s) within Iran . Calligonum sp. ( Polygonaceae ) ( Davatchi et al. 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ); Calligonum commosum (Adult!) ( Bílý 1983a ), Cerasus avium (Rosaceae) (Sakenin et al . 2008). Distribution within Iran . "Poucht-é-Kouh: Halazard à Chirvan" ( Théry 1925 ). Bushehr, Kerman ( Borumand 2002 ), Fars ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Hormozgan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Bílý 1983a ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Bílý 1983a ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Egypt , Iraq , Israel , Kazakhstan , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , UAE , Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ; Bílý et al . 2011 ). Note. The record of Cerasus avium as a host plant in Sakenin et al . (2008) is doubtful; this species is associated with Calligonum spp. Capnodis henningii ( Faldermann) 1835 : 141 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925 : 80 (as carbonaria ); Salavatian 1950 : 8 (subspecies of carbonaria ); Richter 1952 : 164 ; Davatchi 1958 : 68 (as carbonaria ); Davatchi et al . 1959 : 244 (as carbonaria and henningi ); Farahbakhsh 1960 : 72 (subspecies of carbonaria ); Radjabi 1968 : 74 , 1976: 129 (subspecies of carbonaria ); Bílý 1983a : 55 (as carbonaria ); Abai & Adeli 1984 : 19 (subspecies of carbonaria ), 66 (as carbonaria ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 133 (as carbonaria and subspecies of carbonaria , author Mannerheim), 134 (as henningi ); Borumand 2002 : 32 (as carbonaria ); Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 954 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 236 . synonym: cribricollis Abeille de Perrin 1904: 212 (variety of heningi ; homonym of cribricollis Abeille de Perrin 1896). Modarres Awal 1997 : 133. Immatures: Richter 1952 : 164. Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 . Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Pistachier ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Salavatian 1950 ), almond ( Amygdalus sp.), apricot, plum ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ),?pistachio ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ), Amygdalus scoparia (Adult!) ( Bílý 1983a: 55, as carbonaria ), almond, pistachio (as carbonaria ) ( Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ); Amygdalus spp., trunk (as c. henningi ), Pistacia spp., roots (as carbonaria ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ); almond, peach, garden plum, apricot and some other stone fruit trees (as carbonaria henningi ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . "Plateau persan: Kouh-Hadjoudj, Kalateh; Poucht-é-Kouch: Arko-Waz; Louristan: Kouh-Tchéhar-Rah" ( Théry 1925 ). Azarbaijan ( Modarres Awal 1997 , as henningi ), Fars ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1976 ; Bílý 1983a , as carbonaria ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Borumand 2002 , as carbonaria ), Hormozgan, Kerman, Khorasan, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a, as carbonaria ), Kermanshah, Lorestan, Markazi, Semnan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Borumand 2002, as carbonaria ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 , as carbonaria ), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Borumand 2002 , as carbonaria ), Yazd ( Radjabi 1976 ; Borumand 2002 , as carbonaria ), generally distributed (as carbonaria ) ( Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Armenia , Azerbaijan , Iraq , Syria , Turkmenistan , Turkey (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. The record for Pistacia as a host plant is doubtful. Capnodis jacobsoni Richter 1952 : 159 ; Volkovitsh & Alexeev 1992 : 155 ; 1994: 427; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 954 . Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Turkmenistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Capnodis miliaris ( Klug) 1829 : No. 15 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925 : 80 ; Salavatian 1950 : 8 ; Richter 1952 : 154 ; Davatchi et al. 1959 : 244 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 , 1976: 129; Adeli 1972 : 10 ; Bílý 1983a : 54 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 71 (as miliaris ), 74, 106 (as m. miliaris ); Behdad 1988 :?; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 35 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 955 ; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2012 : 135 (as cariosa , misidentification); Babmorad et al . 2012a : 182 ; Babmorad et al . 2012b : 202 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 237 ; Radjabi & Gigli 2012 : 1 , 3; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2014 : 554 ; Babmorad et al . 2014: 555. synonym: daedalea ( Steven) 1830 : 170 ( Buprestis ). Immatures: Gardner 1929 : 116; Richter 1952 : 147. Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 (with bibliography). Host plant(s) within Iran . Populus euphratica (Salicaceae) ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2012 , as cariosa ; Babmorad et al . 2012a , b , 2014; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2014 ); Populus spp., Salix ( Salavatian 1950 ) , poplars, particularly Sind poplar, willow ( Populus spp., Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ), Populus spp. and Salix spp. ( Adeli 1972 ); Oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis , Platanaceae ), poplar, black poplar, sind poplar ( Populus spp.), willow ( Modarres Awal 1997 ); Platanus orientalis , clusters and branches (as miliaris ), Populus spp. Salix spp., roots and collar (as m. miliaris ) ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ). Distribution within Iran . " Armenia Persica " ( type of daedalea ) ( Steven 1830 ). "Plateau persan: Aivan-i-Kerkha, Kelateh; Louristan: Tchéar-Dooul" ( Théry 1925 ). Alborz ( Bílý 1983a ), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, East Azarbaijan, Golestan, Ilam, Qazvin ( Borumand 2002 ), Fars ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ; Radjabi 1976 ; Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Hormozgan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Borumand 2002 ), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ; Borumand 2002 ; Babmorad et al . 2012), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ; Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Kermanshah, Tehran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ; Borumand 2002 ), Khorasan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ; Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ; Babmorad et al . 2012; Afrouzian & Babmorad 2012 , as cariosa ; 2014), Khuzestan ( Bílý 1983a ; Radjabi & Gigli 2012 ; Babmorad et al . 2012a , b ; 2014), Lorestan, Sistan & Baluchestan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), generally distributed except Caspian Sea area ( Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Armenia , Azerbaijan , China , Georgia , Greece , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Lebanon , Syria , Tajikistan , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Capnodis miliaris metallica Ballion 1871 : 349 (correct subsequent spelling validated by subsequent usage, ICZN 1999, Article 33.3.1); Théry 1925 : 80 (variety of miliaris ); Salavatian 1950 : 8 ; Richter 1952 : 156 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 : 244 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 ; Adeli 1972 : 10 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 955 ; Havaskary et al . 2012 : 1 . synonym: melattica Ballion 1871 : 349 (incorrect original spelling). synonym: afghanica Obenberger 1934d : 123 (subspecies of miliaris ); Kubáň 2006: 46 (synonym of metallica metallica Ballion), 346. Host plant(s) within Iran . Populus ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ); Poplar, black poplar ( Populus spp.), willow ( Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . "Poucht-é-Kouh: Sar-Bezin" ( Théry 1925 ). East Azarbaijan ( Havaskary et al . 2012 ), Fars ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ), Khorasan ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ), Lorestan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Adeli 1972 ), generally distributed ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Capnodis parumstriata Ballion 1871 : 349 ; Davatchi 1958 : 67 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Adeli 1972 : 10 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 66 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 956 . synonym: costulata Fairmaire 1902 : 39. Host plant(s) within Iran . Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae) , almond ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ), almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ), pistachio ( Pistacia sp.) ( Adeli 1972 , Modarres Awal 1997 ); Pistacia spp., roots ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ). Distribution within Iran . Fars , Khorasan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ), Sistan & Baluchestan ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), East of Iran ( Adeli 1972 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Davatchi 1958 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , India , Kyrgyzstan , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. This species is associated with Pistacia , the records for Amygdalus are doubtful. Capnodis porosa ( Klug) 1829 : No. 17 ( Buprestis ); Richter 1952 : 161 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 : 245 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 36 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 956 . synonym: mannerheimi ( Faldermann) 1835 : 142 ( Buprestis ). synonym: hypocrita Géhin 1855 : 55 . Immatures: Alexeev 1994: 21. Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult) Almond ( Amygdalus sp., Rosaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . Kordestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), West Azarbaijan ( Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Cyprus , Georgia , Greece , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Lebanon , Macedonia , Pakistan , Russia , Syria , Turkey , former Yugoslavia (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Capnodis porosa persica Théry 1936b : 221 (subspecies of porosa ); Richter 1952 : 162 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 956 . Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) ( Richter 1952 ; Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Capnodis sexmaculata Ballion 1871 : 349 ; Radjabi 1974 : 38 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 36 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 957 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 236 . synonym: kashmirensis Fairmaire 1891 : cxxv. Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 (with bibliography). Distribution within Iran : Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), northern provinces ( Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006). Distribution outside Iran : Afghanistan , India (Kashmir), Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Pakistan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Capnodis tenebricosa ( Olivier) 1790 : 62 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925 : 80 ; Salavatian 1950 : 8 ; Richter 1952 : 145 ; Davatchi et al. 1959 : 245 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 , 1976: 129; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 19 ; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 36 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 957 ; Barimani et al . 2009 : 64 , 2010: 131; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 236 . synonym: dorsata ( Voet) 1806 : 95 ( Cucujus ). synonym: lugens Küster 1846 : 52 . synonym: aurosparsa Abeille de Perrin 1891: 258 (variety of tenebricosa ); Radjabi 1968 : 74 (subspecies of tenebricosa ); Bílý 1983a : 54 (subspecies of tenebricosa ); Modarres Awal 1997 :134; Borumand 2002 : 37; Kubáň 2006: 46 (synonym of tenebricosa ), 346. synonym: anomala Fairmaire 1895 : cx. synonym: simulatrix Obenberger 1916 : 259 (subspecies of tenebricosa ). synonym: alternata Obenberger 1945 : 16 (subspecies of tenebricosa ). synonym: occidentalis Obenberger 1945 : 18 (subspecies of tenebricosa ). Immatures: Schaefer 1937 : 160. Biology/Bionomy: Richter 1952 (with bibliography). Host plant(s) within Iran . (Adult!) On the fruit trees ( Salavatian 1950 ), almond ( Amygdalus sp.), apple ( Malus sp.), apricot, garden plum, peach, plum ( Prunus app.), white howthorn ( Crataegus sp.), pear ( Pyrus sp., Rosaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Amygdalus spp., trunk and roots ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ), pistachio ( Pistacia sp., Anacardiaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . "Chaldée persane, Poucht-é-Kouh, El Bourz, Louristan, multiple locations" ( Théry 1925 ). Alborz ( Bílý 1983a , as t. aurosparsa ), Chaharmahal & Bakhtiary, Golestan, Kerman ( Borumand 2002, as t. tenebricosa ), East Azarbaijan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Fars ( Radjabi 1968 , 1976 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Ilam ( Borumand 2002, as aurosparsa ), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as aurosparsa ), Kermanshah ( Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as aurosparsa ), Khorasan ( Bílý 1983a , as t. aurosparsa ; Borumand 2002 , as t. tenebricosa ), Khuzestan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as aurosparsa ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 , as t. tenebricosa ), Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Bílý 1983a , as t. aurosparsa ; Borumand 2002 , as t. tenebricosa ), Lorestan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as aurosparsa ), Markazi, Zanjan ( Modarres Awal 1997 ), Mazandaran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 , as persica ; Barimani et al . 2009 , 2010 ), Qazvin ( Salavatian 1950 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 ; Borumand 2002 , as aurosparsa ), Tehran ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ; Borumand 2002 ), Yazd ( Radjabi 1976 ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Algeria , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Egypt (Sinai), France , Georgia , Greece , India (Kashmir), Iraq , Israel , Italy , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Lebanon , Macedonia , Malta , Moldavia , Morocco , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Slovenia , Spain , Syria , Tajikistan , Tunisia , Turkey , Ukraine , Uzbekistan , former Yugoslavia (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. The larvae feed in the roots of Rumex (Polygonaceae) , adults occur on different fruit-trees; records for Amygdalus ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ) and Pistacia ( Modarres Awal 1997 ) as larval hosts are dobtful. Capnodis tenebricosa alia Bellamy 2004b : 259 ( nomen novum for iranica Bellamy 2004 ); Bellamy 2008b : 959 . synonym: persica Obenberger 1945 : 16 (subspecies of tenebricosa , preoccupied by persica Théry 1936b ); Radjabi 1968 : 74 (subspecies of tenebricosa ); Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 37 ; Kubáň 2006: 346 (synonym of bushirensis ). synonym: iranica Bellamy 2004a : 155 ( nomen novum for persica Obenberger 1945 , preoccupied by iranica Bogatchev 1947 ); Kubáň 2006: 346 (synonym of bushirensis ). synonym: bushirensis Kubáň 2006: 40 , 346 ( nomen novum for iranica Bellamy , superfluous name), 346; Bellamy 2008b : 959. Distribution within Iran . Kermanshah, Khuzestan ( Radjabi 1968 ; Modarres Awal 1997 , as tenebricosa persica Obenberger ), Mazandaran ( Radjabi 1968, as tenebricosa persica Obenberger ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . None recorded. Capnodis tenebricosa bucharica Obenberger 1945 : 18 ; Kubáň 2006: 346; Bellamy 2008b : 959 . Distribution within Iran . Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006). Distribution outside Iran . Afghanistan , India , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan (Kubáň 2006). Capnodis tenebrionis ( Linnaeus) 1761 : 213 ( Buprestis ); Théry 1925 : 80 ; Salavatian 1950 : 8 ; Richter 1952 : 146 ; Davatchi et al. 1959 : 245 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 : 73 ; Radjabi 1968 : 74 ; Adeli 1972 : 10 ; Radjabi 1976 : 129 ; Bílý 1983a : 54 ; Abai & Adeli 1984 : 31 , 82; Modarres Awal 1997 : 134 ; Borumand 2002 : 37 ; Kubáň 2006: 347; Bellamy 2008b : 959 ; Barimani et al . 2009 : 65 ; Havaskary et al . 2012 : 1 ; Ghobari et al . 2012 : 236 . synonym: variegata ( Goeze) 1777 : 596 ( Buprestis ). synonym: tenebrioides ( Pallas) 1781 : 67 ( Buprestis ). synonym: naevia ( Gmelin) 1790 : 1939 ( Buprestis ). synonym: moluccensis ( Voet) 1806 : 96 ( Cucujus ). synonym: aerea Laporte & Gory 1836: 9. Immatures: Gory & Laporte 1840 : 3; Pussard 1935b : 54, 1935c: 1; Schaefer 1937 : 160; Bleton & Fieuzet 1942 : 36; Richter 1952 : 147; Reichart 1950b : 153, 1953b: 89; Richter 1952 : 147; Bílý 1999 : 21; Marannino & de Lillo 2007a : 145, 2007b: 197; Marannino et al . 2004 : 101, 2007: 210. Biology/Bionomy: Krása 1935 : 103; Pussard 1934a : 1, 1934b: 3, 1935a: 23, 1935b: 54; Richter 1952 : 147; Bílý 2003 : 48. Host plant(s) within Iran . l’Amandier ( Amygdalus ), l’Abricotier, Prunier ( Prunus spp., Rosaceae ) ( Salavatian 1950 ); apricot, plum, cherry, sour cherry, peach ( Prunus spp.), almond ( Amygdalus ), pear ( Pyrus sp.), howthorn ( Crataegus sp., Rosaceae ) ( Farahbakhsh 1960 ), Amygdalus and fruit trees ( Adeli 1972 ), Cerasus spp., Prunus spp., trunks, roots and branches ( Abai & Adeli 1984 ), almond, apple ( Malus sp.), appricot, cherry, sour-cherry, garden plum, peach, plum, sloe tree ( Prunus spp.), pear, white howthorn, poplar, black poplar ( Populus spp.), willow ( Salix sp., Salicaceae ) ( Modarres Awal 1997 ). Distribution within Iran . "Plateau persan: de Hamadan à Casvin, Poucht-é-Kouch: Husseinabad, Louristan: Kirmancha" ( Théry 1925 ). East Azarbaijan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 , as tenebrionis var.?; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Borumand 2002 ; Havaskary et al . 2012 ), Fars ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1976 ), Ilam, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad ( Borumand 2002 ), Isfahan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Radjabi 1968 , as tenebrionis var.?; Abai & Adeli 1984 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kerman ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Khorasan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ), Khuzestan ( Salavatian 1950 ; Borumand 2002 ), Kordestan ( Ghobari et al . 2012 ), Mazandaran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Bílý 1983a ; Borumand 2002 ; Barimani et al . 2009 ), Qazvin ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Borumand 2002 ), Semnan ( Salavatian 1950 ), Tehran ( Salavatian 1950 ; Davatchi et al . 1959 ; Farahbakhsh 1960 ; Borumand 2002 ), generally distributed ( Radjabi 1968 ; Adeli 1972 ; Modarres Awal 1997 ), Iran (no locality cited) (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Distribution outside Iran . Albania , Algeria , Armenia , Austria , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Cyprus , Czech Republic ,? Egypt , France , Georgia , Greece , Hungary , Iraq , Israel , Italy , Jordan , Lebanon , Kazakhstan , Macedonia , Malta , Moldavia , Montenegro , Morocco , Portugal , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Spain ,? Sweden , Switzerland , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , Turkmenistan , Ukraine (Kubáň 2006; Bellamy 2008b ). Note. Records for poplar and willow ( Modarres Awal 1997 ) are doubtful.