Study of mononchids from Iran, with description of Mylonchulus kermaniensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Mononchida) Author Shokoohi, Ebrahim Author Mehrabi-Nasab, Abdolrahman Author Mirzaei, Mahdieh Author Peneva, Vlada text Zootaxa 2013 3599 6 519 534 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3599.6.2 cc1670c5-bfe4-44f8-85fa-74fab597e957 1175-5326 220173 393F6219-604E-4F4D-A15D-3D13EEDF226C Mylonchulus cf. hawaiiensis ( Cassidy, 1931 ) Goodey, 1951 ( Figs. 1 (A–E) & 2) Material examined . 10 females , in good state of preservation. Measurements . See Table 2 . Description. Female: Body almost cylindrical, ventrally curved after fixation. Cuticle smooth under LM. Head region continuous with neck, having six lips bearing 6 + 4 papillae. Amphid openings oval, aperture 3–5 µm wide, located 9–12 µm from anterior end. Six transverse rows of rasp-like denticles on subventral walls located posterior to the dorsal tooth. Buccal cavity large, elongate goblet -shaped, about 1.9–2.1 times as long as wide, with thick, heavily cuticularised vertical walls, 1.4–2 µm diameter. Dorsal wall bearing a sharp, slightly pointed, 6–8 µm long and 2.5–3 µm wide dorsal tooth, directed forward, located in the anterior half of buccal cavity at 56–62% from its base; each two foramina present at the base of buccal cavity lying close to each other, 5–6 µm long. Nerve ring located at 32–35% of neck length, excretory pore at 34–37%, respectively. Cardia conoid, surrounded by intestinal tissue. Reproductive system amphidelphic. Ovaries more or less straight, reflexed and with a single row of oocytes. Oviduct 60–69 µm long, 1.6–1.9 times the corresponding body diameter. Uterus short, 12–17 µm long, 0.3–0.5 the corresponding body diameter. Vagina with parallel wall, less than half of the corresponding body diameter, pars refringens vaginae with two boot-shaped sclerotisations. Vulva not protruding and located near mid body. Advulval papillae not observed. Egg length 1.9–2.3 times the corresponding body diameter. Rectum 0.7–0.8 times the anal body diameter. Tail arcuate, bent ventrad. Caudal glands in tandem, spinneret opening terminal. FIGURE 1. Mylonchulus cf. hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Goodey, 1951 . (A-E) A: Neck. B: Buccal cavity. C: Female reproductive system. D: Entire female. E: Female posterior end; Mononchus truncatus Bastian, 1865 . (F–I) F: Buccal cavity. G: Entire female. H: Female reproductive system. I: Female posterior end. FIGURE 2. Mylonchulus cf. hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931) Goodey, 1951 (LM). A: Neck. B, C: Buccal cavity. D: Amphid (arrow). E: Vaginal region. F: Egg. G: Female posterior end. TABLE 1. Nematode species used for phylogenetic study.
GenBank Accession number Species Origin Reference
AB361035 Actus salvadoricus Japan Olia et al. 2008
AY284768 Anatonchus tridentatus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
FJ969116 Bathyodontus mirus The Netherlands Van Megen et al ., 2009
AY284744 Bathyodontus mirus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY552966 Clarkus papillatus United States Mullin et al ., 2005
AY284766 Coomansus parvus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY284767 Coomansus parvus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY593953 Granonchulus sp. The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AB361451 Mononchus truncatus Japan Olia et al. 2008
AF036596 Mylonchulus arenicolus United Kingdom Blaxter et al. 1998
AB361436 Mylonchulus brachyuris Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361437 Mylonchulus brachyuris Japan Olia et al. 2009
AY284754 Mylonchulus brachyuris The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY284752 Mylonchulus brachyuris The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
JQ742964 Mylonchulus cf. hawaiiensis Iran Present paper
AB361438 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361439 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361440 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361441 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361442 Mylonchulus hawaiiensis Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361448 Mylonchulus mulveyi Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361449 Mylonchulus mulveyi Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361443 Mylonchulus oceanicus Japan Olia et al. 2009
AB361444 Mylonchulus oceanicus Japan Olia et al. 2009
AY284751 Mylonchulus rotundicaudatus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AB361446 Mylonchulus sigmaturus Japan Olia et al. 2009
AY284755 Mylonchulus sigmaturus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY284756 Mylonchulus sigmaturus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY284757 Mylonchulus sigmaturus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY284746 Prionchulus punctatus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
AY284747 Prionchulus punctatus The Netherlands Holterman et al. 2006
Male. Not found. Locality . The material has been found with Phoenix dactylifera L. in Jiroft (province of Kerman, Iran ), southeastern Iran (N: 28º 36’ 20.17”; E: 057º 43’ 08.87”). Remarks . Mulvey (1961) considered M . hawaiiensis to be a synonym of M . incurvus Cobb, 1917 . Andrássy (1958) showed that this species is completely different from M . incurvus . Comparison of the two mentioned species showed that M . hawaiiensis and M. incurvus differ in buccal cavity size, body length and tail length and shape. According to the key by Ahmad and Jairajpuri (2010) , M. hawaiiensis resembles M. brassicus Soni & Nama, 1980 , however it has more posterior vulva (55–70 vs 54–57) and shorter tail in males (c=35–44 vs c=23). In addition, male of M. hawaiiensis posses 10–12 supplements ( vs 6 supplements). Further, these specimens are close to M. lacustris (Cobb in Cobb, 1915 ) Cobb, 1917 in the key by Andrássy (1992) . Data on morphology of populations identified as M. lacustris vary greatly ( Jensen & Mulvey, 1968 ; Jairajpuri, 1970 ; Andrássy, 1992 ; De Bruin & Heyns, 1992 , Loof, 1999 , etc) and it seems that not all of them are conspecific. Compared with the original description and material reported by Jensen & Mulvey, (1968) , De Bruin & Heyns (1992) and Loof (1999) , Iranian females differ in body length (0.9–1.6 vs 1.5–2.5 mm ), buccal capsule size (24– 30 x 11–17 vs 30– 39 x 17–21 µm), tail shape (ventrally bent vs cylindrical) and length (38–49 vs 66–115 µm, c’=1.4–2.0 vs c’=2.0–3.0), number of rows of rasp-like denticles (6 vs 7). Material studied differ also from populations originating from India ( Jairajpuri, 1970 ; Andrássy, 1992 ) in body length (0.92–1.13 vs 1.1–1.6 and 1.16–1.24 mm , respectively), number of rows of rasp-like denticles (6 vs 7 and 5–6, respectively), buccal capsule size (24–30 vs 23–24 µm in Bombay population), nerve ring position (79–97 vs 110–125 µm from anterior end), and tail shape (more vs ; ventrally slightly arcuate). The populations reported as M. hawaiiensis from several localities across its wide range (Asia, Africa, Central and South America ) showed high intrapopulation variability. Iranian specimens compared to those studied from India , Costa Rica and Nigeria ( Jairajpuri, 1970 ; Mulvey & Jensen, 1967 ; Zullini et al ., 2002 ) have a longer tail (38–49 µm vs 23–42 µm). Further, the buccal capsule of the studied population is longer compared to that of material from Nigeria and India (24–31 vs 20–23 and 22–25 μm, respectively) ( Mulvey & Jensen, 1967 ; Jairajpuri, 1970 ). Finally, the Iranian specimens have shorter necks compared with materials from Argentina and Costa Rica (224–303 vs 279–345 and 352 μm) ( Chaves, 1990 ; Zullini et al ., 2002 ). Morphological comparison with M. hawaiiensis populations reported from Japan ( Olia et al ., 2009 ) is not possible because the author did not present any data on the morphology of the five populations studied. This species is reported for the first time from Iran .