Phylogenetic Classification of the Atlides Section of the Eumaeini (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
Author
Martins, Ananda Regina P.
Author
Duarte, Marcelo
Author
Robbins, Robert K.
text
Zootaxa
2019
2019-02-28
4563
1
119
134
journal article
28153
10.11646/zootaxa.4563.1.6
0d849a4d-5dd1-4f60-9036-939f4486fe72
1175-5326
2601017
8E2935BD-3608-4BE1-B565-AE50966EE510
Arcas
Swainson, 1832
Type
species:
Papilio imperialis
Cramer
The species currently placed in
Arcas
have been recognized as a distinct and widespread Neotropical group for more than a century (
Godman & Salvin
1887
–1901;
Draudt
1919
–1920).
Nicolay (1971)
first revised the genus, recognizing seven species. In the ensuing decades, other names were proposed, leading to the phylogenetic revision in
Robbins
et al.
(2012)
and the recognition of nine species.
The study of
Martins
et al.
(2018)
identified ten synapomorphies for
Arcas
(
Table 1
,
Fig. 8
), but the emerald green ventral wings, long hindwing tails, and deep anal lobe cleft are conspicuous characterizing traits (
Fig. 2
and
9
). The genus can also be recognized by its male and female genitalic structures.
The phylogenetic results in
Martins
et al.
(2018)
differ from those in
Robbins
et al
. (2012)
in the position where the genus is rooted. The grouping
A. splendor
+
A. alleluia
+
A. gozmanyi
was a monophyletic lineage previously, but because of the changed rooting, is now a paraphyletic group.
Arcas imperialis
(Cramer, 1775) (
Papilio
)
,
type
locality:
Surinam
actaeon
(Fabricius, 1775) (
Papilio
),
type
locality:?, suppr. (ICZN, Op. 1058)
venus
(Fabricius, 1781) (
Papilio
),
type
locality:
Surinam
, repl. name
oakesii
(Butler, 1884) (
Theritas
),
type
locality:
Colombia
magnifica
Austin & K. Johnson, 1995,
type
locality:
Brazil
(RO)
Distribution and Habitat
.
Mexico
to
Argentina
and southern
Brazil
in wet lowland forest up to about
1,000 m
elevation.
Arcas ducalis
(Westwood, [1851] (
Thecla
),
type
locality:
Brazil
Distribution and Habitat
.
Brazil
from RJ to RS in wet lower montane forest in the north and at lower elevations in the south.
Arcas cypria
(Geyer, 1837) (
Theritas
)
,
type
locality:
Mexico
(YUC)
paphia
(C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865) (
Pseudolycaena
),
type
locality:
Colombia
publica
(Röber, 1923) (
Thecla
),
type
locality:
Colombia
Distribution and Habitat
.
Mexico
to
Venezuela
and
Colombia
in wet lowland forest.
Arcas jivaro
Nicolay, 1971
,
type
locality:
Ecuador
Distribution and Habitat
.
Ecuador
to
Bolivia
in wet lower montane forest.
Arcas delphia
Nicolay, 1971
,
type
locality:
Costa Rica
katia
Salazar, 2001,
type
locality:
Colombia
, nom. nud.
katia
K. Johnson & Salazar, 2002,
type
locality:
Colombia
Distribution and Habitat
.
Costa Rica
to western
Ecuador
in wet lowland forest.
Arcas tuneta
(Hewitson, 1865) (
Thecla
)
,
type
locality: [
Brazil
(AM)]
marginata
Austin & K. Johnson, 1995,
type
locality:
Brazil
(RO)
viriditas
Austin & K. Johnson, 1995,
type
locality:
Brazil
(RO)
arcadia
Bálint, 2002
,
type
locality:
Brazil
(SC)
Distribution and Habitat
. The Guianas to southern
Brazil
in wet lowland forest up to lower montane elevations.
Arcas gozmanyi
Bálint, 2006
,
type
locality:
Panama
Distribution and Habitat
.
Costa Rica
to western
Ecuador
in wet lower montane forest.
Arcas splendor
(
H.H. Druce, 1907
) (
Thecla
)
,
type
locality:
Colombia
nicolayi
Salazar & Constantino, 1995,
type
locality:
Colombia
lecromi
Salazar & Constantino, 1995,
type
locality:
Colombia
Distribution and Habitat
.
Colombia
and
Ecuador
in montane forest (mapped in
Robbins
et al.
2012
).
Arcas alleluia
Bálint, 2002
,
type
locality:
Peru
Distribution and Habitat
. Eastern
Peru
in montane forest.