Systematics of Sparganothoides Lambert and Powell, 1986 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Sparganothini) Author Kruse, James J. Author Powell, Jerry A. text Zootaxa 2009 2009-07-06 2150 1 1 78 https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2150.1.1 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.2150.1.1 1175­5334 5311432 Sparganothoides Lambert and Powell Sparganothoides Lambert and Powell , in Powell 1986: 375 ; Powell et al. 1995: 149 ; Brown 2005: 564 . Type species: Sparganothis hydeana Klots, 1936 , by original designation. Adult. Head : Antennal setae in male 1.5–2.5 times flagellomere diameter, borne on raised ridges, unmodified in female. Labial palpus porrect, II segment enlarged near middle, slightly curved; III segment about 0.4 as long as II, roughly scaled, with blunt apex. Scaling of frons slightly roughened or smooth with overhanging tuft of scales. Ocelli present. Periorbital strip bare; proboscis well developed; frons concave in most species, covered with small scales, vestiture of head smooth anteriorly, roughened laterally and posteriorly; head with or without protuberances in male ( Fig. 1 ). Thorax : Smooth scaled, males often with median U-shaped channel filled with small round scales from prothorax to anterior portion of metathorax, in form of wide, boxshaped channel in S. polymitariana ; tegulae with long scales in both females and males of some species, short triangulate scales apically in males of others. Forewing pale whitish, yellowish gray, gray, yellowish orange, brownish orange, or dark brown, usually mottled, occasionally banded. Forewing length 5.8–14.1 mm ; costal fold present or absent in male, if present, less than half length of wing and wide, very short and narrow, or narrow and longer than half of wing length; base of wing moderately arched if costal fold absent; length of discal cell ca. 0.55 forewing length, width of discal cell ca. 0.20 its length; Cu 1b arises ca. 0.50 along length of cell; stem of M absent or weak in cell, ending between M 1 and M 2 ; CuP present. Hindwing gray, yellowish gray, yellowish white, or white, often with gray transverse striae; Sc+R 1 and Rs closely adjacent, crossvein lost; Rs and M 1 closely adjacent, connate, or short stalked ( Fig. 2 ). Males of some species with a patch of erect scales on anal area. Abdomen : Dorsal pits absent; female lacking enlarged corethrogyne scaling. Male Genitalia ( Figs. 7–38 ) with uncus slender, simple, enlarged apically, or forked distally, sometimes enlarged subbasally or subapically. Modifications include flattened, narrowed, widened into simple or bilobed clubs, and with one or two apical or subapical projections or lobes. Socius kidney-shaped with rounded or triangular, elongate posterior lobes; anterior lobes fused with rudimentary gnathos to form a complex, two-part structure; secondary arms enlarged laterally into broad, paddlelike, setate clubs apically, or rarely only weakly enlarged; apical lobes symmetrical or asymmetrical, simple or bilobed, and often lobed subapically; basal portion of arm subequal in length to enlarged apical portion or much longer, often abruptly angled near middle. Transtilla a simple band, with median lobe or bilobed; anterior margin often reinforced with a sclerotized crease, spinose over most of posterior margin. Valva large, simple, rounded or subrectangular, sometimes elongate; costa straight, concave, convex, or angled near middle toward apex; often with a conspicusous pulvinus; often with a sclerotized crease near middle, straight or curved, free or connecting to sacculus near its base; sacculus narrowly sclerotized, simple, sometimes extending to margin of valva (beyond only in S. castanea ), straight, concave, or convex. Phallus pistol-shaped; aedeagus straight or gently curved, short, equal or subequal in length to phallobase; apex of aedeagus pointed, rounded, rounded and cleft, or ventrally lipped; occasionally with a subapical ventral bulge; without spinose armature; juxta attached to aedeagus by short, strongly sclerotized process, or by narrow process longer than the width of aedeagus; vesica with dense bunch of 10–60 lanceolate, deciduous cornuti, variable within species; cornuti weakly recurved, minutely forked at point of attachment, at or near base. Female Genitalia ( Figs. 39–60 ) with sterigma wide, box-shaped or rounded, straight, or curved, well sclerotized dorsad and ventrad of ostium, occasionally less strongly sclerotized, with narrow lateral lobes produced or absent; papillae anales parallel-sided, rectangular, posterior lobes well developed, rounded or triangular; ductus bursae comparatively short, often gradually enlarged anteriorly, without sclerotized areas; corpus bursae large, with undifferentiated scobination; cestum not developed; signum a long band, nearly straight, weakly or distinctly curved, often bilobed, distal margins attenuate or rounded. Sexual Dimorphism . Sexual dimorphism slight in wing shape and color pattern: females average slightly larger, males possess elongate antennal setae. Males of most species with additional secondary sexual characters, including two or three protuberances and specialized scales on vertex of head, and specialized scales on tegulae and/or pronotum. Early Stages . Based on laboratory-reared specimens of seven species. Egg : Peach, orange, orange-tan, or brownish orange, rarely cream; flattened, convex, and oval in outline, ranging from 0.60 x 0.90 mm to 0.95 x 1.25 mm . Eggs laid in imbricate, regular, round patches, covered with a translucent, sometimes slightly opaque collaterial secretion extending 0.5–1.0 mm beyond eggs. Last Instar ( Figs. 95-98 ): Length 10–27 mm . Head : Tan to dark brown, usually with dark genal bar; stemmata all about equal in size, large and distinct. Thorax : Shield pale tan to brown, evenly pigmented; SV group on T2 and T3 unisetose; spiracle circular to oval. Abdomen : First instar translucent whitish yellow to pale orange, second and later instars translucent tan or gray when feeding on synthetic diet, translucent grayish green, reddish gray, or reddish brown on food plants; body smooth, slender, SV group on A1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 with 3:3:3:3:3:2 setae ( Figs. 96–97 ); shape of shared dorsal D2 pinaculum on A9 somewhat variable, vaguely diamond-shaped or elongate ( Fig. 98 ); crochets of last instar variably biordinal, partially triordinal. Anal shield pale, rounded or tapered posterad ( Figs. 98–101, 103, 104, 106, 107 ); anal setae longer than anal segment; anal comb well developed, base rectangular or trapezoidal and constricted basal to tines, number of tines variable among species ( Figs. 102, 105 ). FIGURE 1. Dorso-anteriad view of the scaling and protuberances on the head of S. ocrisana . A. Photograph. B. Schematic drawing: 1. Anterior protuberance; 2. Posterior protuberance denuded of scaling; 3. Posterior protuberance with scaling intact. Compound eyes ( 4 ) and the pedicels of the antennae ( 5 ) for orientation. FIGURE 2. Diagram of wing veination of S. lentiginosana . FIGURE 3. Detail drawings of select genitalic characters. A. Apical and subapical modifications of the uncus: apically tapered; parallel-sided; widened; bifid; apically lobed and subapically widened; subapically widened with a single process; subapically widened with two minute processes; cordate; triangulate with a single minute process; subapically lobed and apically parallel-sided. B. Shape of the posterior margin of the socius: rounded; subtriangular; triangular. C. Fold in valva: in anterior one-fourth; near center. D. Apical and subapical modifications of the apex of the socius/gnathos complex: apically narrow and parallel-sided; symmetrically clubbed; slightly asymmetrically clubbed with slightly bilobed tip; slightly asymmetrical club without bilobed tip; asymmetrical boot-shaped; asymmetrically bilobed with one lobe subapical to the other; asymmetrically bilobed with one lobe subapical to the other; asymmetrically trilobed with one lobe subapical to the other two and broadly rounded; asymmetrically bilobed with one lobe subapical to the other and about as long as broad; asymmetrically bilobed with one lobe subapical to the other and narrow; strongly asymmetrically bilobed; slightly asymmetrical lobe splayed out and fan-shaped. E. Transtilla: without reinforcement; with an anterior facing sclerotized crease. F. Apex of aedeagus: attenuate; rounded and cleft; rounded; with a ventral sclerotized lip. G. Band of the sterigma: strongly sclerotized and bilobed; curved and bilobed; lightly sclerotized and straight. H. Signum: straight with rounded apices; curved and attenuate apically. Pupa ( Fig. 108 ). Typically tortricine; brown; no conspicuous sculpturing; dorsal pits absent; A2–A8 with two rows of spines, one row near anterior edge of segment and one row near posterior edge of segment, A9 with one or two rows of reduced spines; cremaster produced, with six hook-tipped setae. Distribution . In the U.S. , Sparganothoides is distributed from the mid-Atlantic throughout the Southeast, west through Oklahoma and Texas to Colorado and Arizona ( Fig. 6 ). South of the U.S. , the genus ranges throughout Mexico , Guatemala , Honduras , Costa Rica , and Panama , extending to Venezuela and the island of Trinidad ( Fig. 6 ). Throughout this broad geographphic range, most species of Sparganothoides are restricted to montane habitats. The northernmost member, S. lentiginosana , occurs at low elevations in the southeastern U.S. Greatest species richness is documented from central Mexico south through Costa Rica ( Fig. 6 ). FIGURE 4. Phylogram of Sparganothoides . One of six equally parsimonious unweighted, unrooted trees, based 58 morphological characters representing 32 Sparganothoides species plus six outgroups (264 steps, CI = 0.349; RI = 0.647; RC = 0.225). Scale bar = 5 changes. Sparganothoides hydeana and S. machimiana are found at mid-elevations in the semi-arid environments of Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico , south to central or south-central Mexico . Several species occur on volcanos, in rainforest, and remnant patches of rainforest, including recently burned areas. Patterns of species richness and geographic distribution are undoubtedly biased by collecting efforts. For example, few species are known between the species-rich south-central Mexican states and Guatemala . Conversely, there are large numbers of tortricine species known from Colombia , Ecuador , and Venezuela but only one species of Sparganothoides . This fact suggests that Venezuela likely represents the southern limit of the genus. FIGURE 5. Phylogram of Spraganothoides . Strict consensus of unweighted parsimony trees. Numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values, and below branches indicate decay index. Only bootstrap values>50% are shown. Strict consensus of six most parsimonious unrooted trees of 58 morphological characters representing 32 Sparganothoides species plus six outgroups. Diagnosis . Members of Sparganothoides generally are drab brownish to tan moths, similar to some Sparganothis , Amorbia , and Platynota . About one-third of Sparganothoides species possess unusual secondary male sexual characteristics of the head and thorax, features not observed in any other sparganothine genus we have examined. Similarities between Sparganothoides and Sparganopseustis are largely superficial. Even in facies, Sparganopseustis species feature pronounced sexual dimorphism in color and wing shape, often with prominent white or yellow markings on rust forewings. The genitalia are also distinct from all other sparganothine genera. Sparganothoides is largely differentiated on the basis of the broad, laterally expanded apices of the unified socius/gnathos arms. This union differs from that of Sparganopseustis and Aesiocopa , which show much stronger involvement of the socius and weak, if any, involvement of the gnathos in the formation of the structure. In the last two genera, the dominant and easily viewed portion of the armlike extension appears to originate from the anterior lobe of the socius. In Sparganothoides , the socius/gnathos arm clearly originates from the tegumen and is joined by the socius from that point. In many species, the anterior portion of the socius retains a free lobe, although perhaps secondarily. An undescribed genus shares a similar union of the socius and gnathos, but this union may not be homologous. The distal portion of the socius/gnathos complex in the latter genus is subapically widened, and apically narrowed to a slender lobe.