A synthesis of the current knowledge on the Australian Orchesellidae (Collembola, Entomobryoidea) Author Bellini, Bruno Cavalcante Laboratory of Collembola, Department of Botany and Zoology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Highway BR- 101, Lagoa Nova, Campus Universitario, 59072 - 970, Natal, RN, Brazil. Author Greenslade, Penelope Environmental Management, School of Life and Health Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Vic. 3353, Australia. & School of Biology, Australian National University, GPO Box, ACT 0200, Australia. Author Baquero, Enrique University of Navarra, Faculty of Sciences, Institute for the Biodiversity and Enviroment (BIOMA) and Department of Environmental Biology, University Campus, 31080, Pamplona, Spain. Author Jordana, Rafael 0000-0001-9088-787X University of Navarra, Faculty of Sciences, Institute for the Biodiversity and Enviroment (BIOMA) and Department of Environmental Biology, University Campus, 31080, Pamplona, Spain. & rjordana @ unav. es; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9088 - 787 X rjordana@unav.es Author Souza, Paolla Gabryelle Cavalcante De 0000-0003-0612-8438 Laboratory of Collembola, Department of Botany and Zoology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Highway BR- 101, Lagoa Nova, Campus Universitario, 59072 - 970, Natal, RN, Brazil. & paollasouzac @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0612 - 8438 paollasouzac@gmail.com text Zootaxa 2022 2022-03-14 5115 2 221 257 journal article 20240 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.2.3 424635ea-0470-4276-867b-b7fe0800c5bc 1175-5326 6352296 52305F19-9185-448D-AE5C-AE90353C7460 Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. Bellini, Greenslade & Souza Figs 2–8 , Table 1 Type material. Holotype female in slide ( MVMA ), with one specimen from the type series of Falcomurus pulukokos : Australia , Cocos and Keeling Islands , West Island ( 12°09’S 96°49’E ), v–vi.2005 , leaf litter light trap near the beach, A. Yen coll. Paratypes three females in slides ( MVMA ), one in the same slide of the holotype , the other two in a second slide, with another specimen from the type series of Falcomurus pulukokos , same data of holotype . Diagnosis. Four needle-like labral papillae present. Dorsal head with M3 , S0 , S2 , Pa2–3e , Pm3 , Pp2–3 , Pp5 , Pe2–3 mac, A1 , M4 , and Ps series as mic ( sundanensis group sensu Mari-Mutt 1979 ), with 3 interocular mes. Labial papilla E lateral process short and finger-shaped, not reaching the papilla apex. Labial basomedian field with 0–3 posterior ciliate chaetae internal to e , labium unscaled. Ventral head postlabial chaetatoxy with anterior chaetae smooth and posterior ciliate, including the basal chaeta. Th. II to Abd. IV formula of central mac as: 12,9|3,2,2,3; Abd. V with four sens. Trochanteral organ with about 20 chaetae. Tibiotarsi without smooth chaetae with the exception of the distal one on tibiotarsus III. Tenent hairs clearly capitate; unguis with two unpaired internal teeth; unguiculus (empodium) lanceolate, postero-external lamella smooth (toothless). Ventral tube (collophore) anterior face with one distal mac plus 10–12 ciliate chaetae, lateral flap with about 19–20 smooth chaetae, with the exception of 0–1 small ciliate chaeta. Manubrium without smooth chaetae, dental lobe with a regular ciliate chaeta, dens without spines, mucro posterior tooth shorter than the distal one. Description. Habitus typical of the genus ( Fig. 2 ). Body length (body + trunk) of holotype = 1.54 mm ; range of type series length = 1.35–1.99 mm . Colour pattern unknown. Coarsely ciliate scales present on Ant. I–II, head (dorsally and ventrally), dorsal trunk, legs (all segments), ventral manubrium and ventral dens; ventral tube unscaled. FIGURE 2. Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. : habitus of the holotype mounted in slide. Head ( Figs 3–4 ): Antennal ratio Ant. Ia–IV | head of holotype = 1: 6.5: 1.5: 8:?: 29.5 | 20.5; antennal ratio of type series = 1: 5–6.7: 1.5–2: 6.7–8: 15: 21–29.5 | 14–20.5. Ant. IV with a ventral, almost apical, bifurcated pin projection, dorsally with 1–3 swollen subapical sens ( Fig. 3A ). Ant. III sense organ with two slightly swollen sensory rods, guard sensilla not seen, with one swollen extra sens on the dorsal side ( Fig. 3B ). Ant. IIb apically with two swollen sensory rods, similar to the Ant. III sense organ; Ant. IIb and Ib with one and three ventral smooth acuminate chaetae, respectively ( Figs 3C–D ). All four labral papillae present and subequal, needle-shaped ( Fig. 3E ); Labral formula with four ( a1–2 ), five ( m0–2 ), five ( p0–2 ) smooth chaetae, p0–2 longer than the others, a chaetae slender, prelabral chaetae larger than the labral ones ( Fig. 3F ). Eyepatches lenses A–F subequal, G–H smaller than the others, with three interocular mes ( Fig. 3G ). Head dorsal chaetotaxy with antennal ( An ) row with 7–8 mac, anterior ( A ) row with five ( A0 , A2–3 , A5–6 ), medial ( M ) row with three ( M1–3 ), sutural ( S ) row with eight ( S0–6 ), post-occipital anterior ( Pa ) row with four ( Pa2–3e , Pa5 ), post-occipital medial ( Pm ) row with one ( Pm3 ), post-occipital posterior ( Pp ) row with three ( Pp2–3 , Pp5 ), and post-occipital external ( Pe ) row with two ( Pe2–3 ) mac, respectively; further details are represented in Fig. 3G . Labium with six papillae ( H , A–E ), with 2, 0, 5, 0, 4, 5 guard chaetae respectively, papilla E lateral process ( l.p. ) short and finger-shaped, not reaching the papilla apex ( Fig. 4A ); five proximal chaetae subequal in size ( an1–3 , p2–p3 ) ( Fig. 4A ). Labial basomedial (submentum or labial triangle) and basolateral (mentum) fields with chaetae a1–5 , e , l1–2 smooth, a5 reduced, l2 larger than l1 , 3–6 posterior chaetae internal to e ( m field, including m1–2 and r with unclear positions), with 0–3 of them ciliate, labium unscaled ( Fig. 4B ). Maxillary outer lobe basal chaeta acuminate, slender and rough, subequal to the apical one; sublobal plate with four chaeta-like appendages, lateral one slightly reduced ( Fig. 4C ). Post-labial chaetotaxy complex, with the anterior chaetae smooth (including the post-labial quadrangle and the transversal row just above the labium) and posterior chaetae ciliate, including the basal chaeta ( Fig. 4D ). Trunk dorsal chaetotaxy ( Figs 5–6 ): Th. II, excluding the anterior collar, with one anterior ( a5 ), four medial ( m1–2 , m4–4i ), and seven posterior ( p1–5 ) mac ( Fig. 5A ). Th. III with eight anterior ( a1–7 ), two medial ( m6ai , m7 ), and three posterior ( p1–3 ) mac ( Fig. 5B ). Abd. I with three medial ( m2–4 ) mac ( Fig. 5C ). Abd. II with three medial ( m3–3e , m5 ) mac ( Fig. 5D ). Abd. III with one anterior ( a3 ), two medial ( m3 and pm6 ), and one posterior ( p6 ) mac ( Fig. 6A ). Abd. IV with three central ( A3 , B3 , and Be2? ) and eight lateral ( D3 , E2–4 , F1–2 , Fe5 , and a posterior one without clear homology) mac, as sens lost, but possibly near A3 , ps sens near T7 , plus at least six central long sens (possibly many more) ( Fig. 6B ). Abd. V with two anterior ( a6–6e? ), four medial ( m2–3 , m5–5a ), six posterior ( p1 , p3–5 , ap6 , pp6 ), one postero-posterior ( p5pe ) plus one mac without clear homology near m3 ; with four sens ( as , acc.p3–5 ) ( Fig. 6C ); further details are represented in Figs 5–6 . Ratio Abd. III: IV of holotype = 1: 1.45. FIGURE 3. Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. head: A , apex of right Ant. IV (dorsal view), arrow points to the ventral pin projection, dashed sens are present or absent; B , apex of left Ant. III (dorso-lateral view); C , left Ant I. ventral face smooth chaetae; D , left Ant II. ventral face smooth chaeta; E , labral papillae; F , labral and prelabral chaetotaxy; G , dorsal head chaetotaxy and eyes (right side). FIGURE 4. Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. ventral head: A , labial palp papillae and proximal chaetae (right side), l.p. = lateral process; B , labial basomedian and basolateral fields (left side), double-arrows point to chaetae which can also be ciliate, dashed chaetae are present or absent; C , maxillary outer lobe and sublobal plate (left side); D , post-labial chaetotaxy (left side), b.c. = basal chaeta, dashed chaetae are present or absent. FIGURE 5. Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. dorsal trunk chaetotaxy: A , Th. II; B , Th. III; C , Abd. I; D , Abd. II. FIGURE 6. Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. dorsal trunk chaetotaxy: A , Abd. III; B , Abd. IV; C , Abd. V. FIGURE 7. Dicranocentrus dolosus sp. nov. trunk appendages: A , trochanteral organ; B , empodial complex III; C , ventral tube anterior face (left side), dashed chaetae are present or absent; D , ventral tube lateral flap (left side), dashed chaeta is present or absent, double-arrow points to chaeta which can also be ciliate; E , distal dens and mucro (lateral view). Trunk appendages ( Fig. 7 ): Trochanteral organ with about 20 spine-like smooth chaetae ( Fig. 7A ). Tibiotarsi without smooth chaetae, with the exception of the distal one on tibiotarsus III. Tenent hairs smooth and capitate, two small pretarsal chaetae present, empodial complex III ratio of smooth chaeta: tenent hair: unguiculus: unguis as 1: 1.4: 1.1: 2; unguis with a single short dorsal tooth, lateral teeth reduced, almost imperceptible, internally with two paired proximal teeth, one unpaired median tooth, similar in size to the paired basal teeth, and one distal minute tooth; unguiculus lanceolate with all lamellae smooth and toothless ( Fig. 7B ). Ventral tube anterior face with one distal ciliate mac plus 10–12 ciliate chaetae, the two more proximal weakly ciliate, almost smooth ( Fig. 7C ); posterior face unclear; lateral flap with about 19–20 smooth chaetae, one of them also as a ciliate chaeta ( Fig. 7D ). Tenaculum corpus with a single rough chaeta, each ramus with four teeth. Manubrium without smooth chaetae; manubrial plate with about seven ciliate chaetae, pseudopores not seen; manubrium ventro-apical region with one ciliate chaeta. Proximal dorsal dens (dental lobe) with a single regular chaeta, not remarkably different in size or shape from other dental surrounding chaetae; dens without spines or smooth chaetae; mucro apical tooth larger than the basal one, mucronal spine present, reaching the apex of the basal tooth ( Fig. 7E ). Etymology. The new species was named “ dolosus ” (from Latin = deceitful) due to its similarity with D. inermodentes ( Uchida, 1944 ) , which led us to firstly identify it mistakenly as the former species. Distribution and habitat. The new species was collected from Cocos and Keeling West Island ( Fig. 8 ), from sandy beaches in the upper intertidal zone, along with F. pulukokos Bellini, Souza & Greenslade, 2021 . Remarks. The new species is remarkably similar to D. inermodentes , and was firstly identified as this species. They share a very similar dorsal head and trunk macrochaetotaxy, labral papillae, labial lateral process and empodial complex morphology, the absence of smooth chaetae on tibiotarsi (other than the distal one on the tibiotarsus III) and manubrium, and the absence of dental spines (see Mari-Mutt 1979 , 1981 ). However, the new species differs from D. inermodentes by: dorsal head Pa5 mac present ( vs. absent); labial basomedian field with 0–3 posterior ciliate chaetae internal to e ( vs. 5–7); posterior post-labial chaetae ciliate ( vs. smooth); unguis with an apical tooth ( vs. absent); and dental lobe with a regular ciliate chaeta ( vs. with a long plumose chaeta) ( Mari-Mutt 1979 , 1981 ). As noted by Mari-Mutt (1979 , p. 67), D. inermodentes is quite similar to D. indicus . In this sense, the new species differs from D. indicus especially by: Th. II with two mac on m1–2 complex ( vs. three), two on m4 complex ( vs. none) and seven posterior mac ( vs. eight); unguis with an apical tooth ( vs. absent); and dental lobe with a regular ciliate chaeta ( vs. with a thick blunt mac) (see Yosii 1966 ; Mari-Mutt 1979 ). Further comparisons of the cited species are presented in Table 1 . TABLE 1. Main differences between D. dolosus sp. nov. , D. inermodentes , and D. indicus .

Species	D. dolosus sp. nov.	D. inermodentes 2,3	D. indicus 1,2
Known distribution	Cocos and Keeling Islands (Australia)	Micronesia	India, Nepal, Taiwan, Tonga
Body dark pigments	?	antennae, frontal head, legs	all body except legs and furca
Dorsal head Pa5 mac	+	-	?
Labial posterior ciliate chaetae internal to e	0–3	5–7	?
Posterior post-labial chaetae	ciliate	smooth	?
Th. II m1–2 complex mac	2	2	3
Th. II m4 complex mac	2	2	0
Th. II posterior mac	7	7	8
Ungual apical tooth	+	-	-
Dental lobe chaeta	normal	long plumose	thick blunt

Legends: ‘+’ present; ‘-’ absent; ‘?’ unknown. References to each species: ‘ 1 ’ Yosii 1966 ; ‘ 2 ’ Mari-Mutt 1979 ; ‘ 3 ’ Mari- Mutt 1981. We revised four specimens of Dicranocentrus sp. from Christmas Island , about 980 km distant from Cocos and Keeling. Such specimens were quite similar in dorsal chaetotaxy to D. dolosus sp. nov. , but differed at least in manubrium and tibiotarsi with smooth chaetae. At least two specimens were also devoid of the mucronal spine, similarly to D. indicus ( Yosii, 1966 ) . Unfortunately the specimens were in bad condition and we could not study further aspects of the morphology to confirm their identity or described them as a new species. Nevertheless, we record the presence of the genus in Christmas Island for the first time.