Review of Homalocnemidae of Chile with a key to species and descriptions of male and female terminalia (Diptera: Empidoidea) Author Rafael, José A. 0000-0002-0170-0514 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazo ̂ nia, INPA, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. jarafael @ inpa. gov. br, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 0170 - 0514 Author Marques, Dayse W. A. 0000-0001-7260-5760 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazo ̂ nia, INPA, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. willkenia @ gmail. com, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 7260 - 5760 Author González, Christian R. 0000-0003-2582-6071 Instituto de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile. christian. gonzalez @ umce. cl, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2582 - 6071 Author Sinclair, Bradley J. 0000-0001-6413-1606 Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency, OPL-Entomology, Ottawa, Canada. bradley. sinclair @ inspection. gc. ca, https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6413 - 1606 text Zootaxa 2022 2022-12-19 5222 2 168 178 journal article 53775 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.2.5 24e01e7e-1490-47c6-89ad-c5f61d54ca9a 1175-5326 7469935 AB8A29BD-87BF-4913-8501-51AD7B647E67 Genus Homalocnemis Philippi, 1865 Homalocnemis Philippi, 1865: 752 . Type-species: Homalocnemis nigripennis Philippi (mon.). Fraudator Hutton, 1901: 23 . Type-species: Fraudator perspicuus Hutton, 1901 (mon.). References. Reed, 1888: 301 (cat.); Bigot, 1889: 121 (refs.); Bezzi, 1909: 301 (in key); Kertész, 1909: 8 (cat.); Melander, 1928: 12 (in key), 14 (redes.), pl. 5, fig. 41; Collin, 1928: 2 (list), 3 (in key), 54–55 (classif., syn.); Collin, 1933: 8 (in key), 27 (com.), 28–29 (redes.); Stuardo, 1946: 104 (cat.); Smith, 1967: 9 (cat.); Chvála, 1983: 10 (classif.), 19, 21, 25, 33, 35, 47, 70, 87 (com.); Smith, 1989: 388 (cat.); Chvála, 1991: 13, 17 (com.); Sinclair, 1995: 720 (tax.); Sinclair, 1999: 131 , 141 (com.); Sabrosky, 1999: 24 , 159 (cat., Diptera family group names); Sinclair & Cumming, 2006: 4 (com.), 9 (dist.); 22 (com.), 25, 26, 49, 61, 62, (phy.), 64 (biol.), 68 (com.), 72 (classif.), 82 (in key); Yang et al., 2007: 280 (cat.); Kirk-Spriggs & Stuckenberg, 2009: 160 , 179 (com., fig. 6.2); Marshall, 2012: 231 (com.); Kirk-Spriggs & Muller, 2017: 207 (com.); Sinclair (2017a) : 1261 (tax.); Wahlberg & Johanson, 2018: 3 , 6 (phy.); González & Llanos, 2019: 121 (list). Diagnosis. Medium-sized flies (wing length 5-8.5 mm ); darkish in colour; head large, wider than height, narrower than thorax; compound eye large, encompassing entire lateral surface of head; males and females with eyes closely approximated on frons for long distance, upper facets enlarged; ocellar triangle prominent, elevated above eyes; antenna with postpedicel elongate; stylus elongate, cylindrical, not tapered, comprised of 2 articles, bearing apical peg-like receptor; proboscis thick, tubular, projecting horizontally slightly beyond head; labrum lacking epipharyngeal blades; palpus arched, closely appressed to concave face; thorax distinctly humped; wing elongate, with costal vein circumambient; vein R 4+5 branched; vein M 1 sinuous; cell cua longer than basal cells br and bm, with lower angle acute; mid femur swollen, raptorial with geniculate tibia; male terminalia unrotated; phallus either articulated with hypandrium, fused to apex of hypandrium, or enclosed by the hypandrium; female terminalia without acanthophorites; single spermatheca oval, darkly pigmented ( Sinclair 2017a ). Remarks. Internal details of the terminalia of the Chilean species of Homalocnemis have not been previously presented and here we add figures for both sexes. The terminalia are unique on the basis of the position of the phallus in association with the hypandrium (as presented under “Discussion” below) and support the distinctiveness of Homalocnemidae as an independent lineage within Empidoidea