A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China Author Smith, Sarah M. Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-3736 camptocerus@gmail.com Author Beaver, Roger A. 161 / 2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand Author Cognato, Anthony I. Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA text ZooKeys 2020 983 1 442 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630 1313-2970-983-1 7DED4CE2934C4539945F758930C927F9 C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53 Cnestus Sampson, 1911 Cnestus Sampson, 1911: 383. Tosaxyleborus Murayama, 1950: 49. Synonymy: Browne 1955 : 368. Type species. Cnestus magnus Sampson, 1911; monotypy. Diagnosis. Cnestus species are typically moderate to large in size, 1.8-5.5 mm, and stout, 1.54-2.75 x as long as wide. Cnestus is a morphologically variable genus but is distinguished by the eye feebly emarginate; lateral margin of the pronotum carinate from base to at least the midpoint; submentum depressed; procoxae narrowly separated; antennal club truncate, types 1 or 2 with segment 1 completely or almost covering the posterior face; antennal funicle 3- or 4-segmented; scutellum flat, flush with elytral surface. Most species have a mesonotal mycangium on the pronotal base. Similar genera. Anisandrus , Hadrodemius , Xylosandrus . Cnestus is closely related to Anisandrus , Hadrodemius and Xylosandrus , all of which possess a mesonotal mycangium and the associated dense tuft of hair-like setae at the scutellar area and pronotal base ( Gohli et al. 2017 ; Johnson et al. 2018). Distribution. Distributed throughout Asia, Oceania and South America ( Petrov and Mandelshtam 2018 ). One species is established in the United States ( Schiefer and Bright 2004 ). Gallery system. The species, as far as is known, are twig and shoot-borers, and the gallery system is typical of such species with a short radial or circumferential gallery running to the middle of the stem, and longitudinal branches up and down the stem in which the brood develops.