A review of gorgonian coral species (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea) held in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History research collection: focus on species from Scleraxonia, Holaxonia, Calcaxonia - Part III: Suborder Holaxonia continued, and suborder Calcaxonia Author Horvath, Elizabeth Anne text ZooKeys 2019 860 183 306 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.860.34317 1313-2970-860-183 A3F9127D8ED24F8296A39510EB039A9C Genus Narella Gray, 1870 Narella Gray, 1870: 49. Deichmann 1936 : 168. Bayer 1951 : 41-43; 1956 : F222; 1961: 295 (key); 1981: 937 (key); 1995: 147, 148; 1997: 511. Cairns and Bayer 2003 : 618, 619; 2004a : 7-10. Cairns and Baco 2007 : 392, 393 [a more complete synonymy and discussion]. Cairns and Bayer 2008 : 84-86; 2009 : 2, 30, 31, 43. Cairns 2012 : 14. Taylor and Rogers 2017 : 4. Cairns 2018a : 20, 21; 2018b : 19. Cairns and Taylor 2019 : 1-15. Stachyodes Wright and Studer in Studer, 1887: 49; 1901: 40. Wright and Studer 1889 : xlvii, 53. Versluys 1906 : 86-88. Thomson and Henderson 1906a : 35. Kinoshita 1907 : 233; 1908a : 45-47. Thomson and Russell 1910 : 142. Kuekenthal 1912 : 59; 1915b : 152; 1919 : 452-456; 1924 : 308, 309. Calypterinus Wright and Studer in Studer, 1887: 49. Wright and Studer 1889 : xlviii, 54. (?) Calyptrophora (pars) Verrill (in Bayer and Cairns 2004 ). Type species. Primnoa regularis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. Type locality. North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, St. Lucia, south of 13°36'27"N , 61°03'36"W , 514 m. Type specimen. Neotype of type housed at NMNH (USNM 49385, wet); not examined. Material examined. None housed at SBMNH. Diagnosis . Colonies of moderate size (to 50 cm height), branched dichotomously or pinnately (some few trichotomously) in single plane, or unbranched. Polyps conspicuous, facing downward, in discrete whorls or pairs, non-retractile. Axis continuous; strongly calcified, especially in lower branches; generally grey to black, sometimes with metallic sheen; down center of axis (longitudinally grooved) is solid core of calcareous material. Base a discoidal holdfast, for attachment to solid substrates. Sclerites are scales, on polyps, usually numbering sixteen to eighteen on each polyp (not counting tentacular sclerites), arranged in three or four pairs of large unfused abaxial body wall scales that partially encircle polyp, but rarely meet adaxially; arranged so as to have definite pattern and number. With adaxial buccal scales commonly present, one well developed buccal in each row. Operculum consists of eight (four pairs) generally triangular scales, each with distinct longitudinal medial keel on inner surface, with corresponding trough on outer surface. Tentacles can contain few to numerous, minute, flat rodlets; coenenchymal sclerites elongate or elliptical scales, often with tall longitudinal keels. Distribution. Exclusively deep water (55-4,594 m), found worldwide ( Cairns and Bayer 2008 ; 2009 ). The genus is noted ( Cairns and Baco 2007 ) as having the second deepest location record of all primnoid genera (4,594 m in the Gulf of Alaska). In addition to species from the Atlantic, there are some 23 species recorded ( Cairns and Baco 2007 ) from regions in the Pacific (Alaska, Japan, Hawaiian Islands, Indonesia and eastern Pacific). Also, a few species are recorded from either the SW Indian Ocean, the Galapagos Islands or off Antarctica ( Cairns and Baco 2007 ). Cairns stated (2007b) that species of Narella have been found along the southern California coast, from both San Marcos Seamount (2,193 m), and Rodriquez Seamount (664 m). These specimens were very fragmented and could not be definitively identified, but each one may represent an undescribed species. Some 54 named species are considered valid within this genus currently, as seen in the WoRMS Database, listed by Cordeiro et al. (2019). Biology. In Studer's 1894 description of N. ambigua , he discussed the presence of an annelid worm from family Eunicidae Berthold, 1827 that had established itself on the coenenchyme. It apparently sought shelter under the wing-shaped extensions, in a space (a tunnel of sorts) produced by the greatly enlarged basal scales of each of the neighboring polyps. In personal note transcriptions (unpublished) made by Bayer, Verrill had outlined thoughts he had concerning the deeper water gorgonians. Regarding the annelid worm found in Studer's specimen, Verrill (unpublished personal note transcriptions made by Bayer) discussed a comparable situation and referred to Studer's 1894 examination. Remarks. The genus is presented here; based on collection records examined (NMNH), there is indication of a distributional range that includes the California Bight. Based on those collection records (NMNH), this is a deep-water genus that has been collected (if only as fragments) several times off the southern California coast ( Cairns 2007b ). According to Cairns and Baco (2007) and Cairns (2007b) , there were some 38 recognized species (that number has increased, according to Cordeiro et al. 2019), making this a species-rich genus; in fact, it is said to be the most prolific of the primnoid genera ( Cairns 2007b ). Of those, there may be at least a few species that could potentially be found in or near the California Bight; Narella ambigua Studer, 1894 is one species that might yet be found in the Bight. CAS has seven records of this genus (none identified to species), coming from Hawaii and Alaska. MBARI has posted on-line images of those in this genus found on Davidson Seamount, photographed at depths of 2,669 and 3,079 m. Only one specimen identified to this genus has been recorded as having been collected by MBARI staff, but there are a few additional video observations. This one collected specimen was taken in the general area slightly north and west of San Miguel Island, California Channel Islands. Of interest is a specimen housed at NMNH; from California, Rodriquez Seamount, W of San Miguel Passage, 34°02'17"N , 121°02'49"W , 662 m; coll. unknown, date unknown; USNM 1027059 [wet]. The MBARI specimen and the one at NMNH appeared to be from the same collection event. It is the shape and sculpturing of the abaxial body wall scales that are the best means to identifying a species in the genus; however, finer details regarding sculpturing of scales can only be seen with SEM. Further work with unidentified species housed at CAS and NMNH should be undertaken.