The Neotropical tanyderid Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) (Diptera, Tanyderidae), with description of the egg, larva and pupa, redescription of adults, and notes on natural history
Author
Madriz, R. Isaí
Author
Courtney, Gregory W.
text
Zootaxa
2016
4158
3
325
351
journal article
10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.2
1be9b5cb-e36a-4db4-ac4b-24c7b6bcae05
1175-5326
258695
3FA278A1-1407-47BE-9A79-DEFF9A03B3E4
Araucoderus gloriosus
(
Alexander, 1920
)
Tanyderus gloriosus
Alexander, 1920
: 13
: 5.
Radinoderus gloriosus
Alexander, 1927
: 189
: 9.
Araucoderus gloriosus
Alexander, 1929
: 1
: 228.
Diagnosis.
Egg: The only
Tanyderidae
known in this stage. Larva: cuticle translucent, varying from light grey to tan in color; head orange to brown in color; mandible with three prominent teeth; endocarina (glandular duct) present; postmentum without teeth, flat to convex anteriorly. Pupa: Body elongate, cylindrical; head with tubercles, antennal sheath lying between wing margin and midleg; respiratory organs inconspicuous, undivided and tubular; abdominal segment VIII with digitiform lobes inserted posterolaterally, posterior to spiracle. Male: Cuticle with variegated coloration, light- to dark brown; vestiture light brown; abdominal tergites dark brown, with irregular, pale markings anteriorly on either side of median; wing more than
14 mm
in length, infuscated, with pigment arranged in transverse bands; supernumerary cross-veins absent; male terminalia: with varying degree of rotation, usually 90 degrees, involving segments 7–9; dorsal bridge of paramere with pair of projections anterolaterally; lateromedial element of paramere with small convex anterior lobe bearing 4–6 setiform sensilla, with a dentate mesal lobe set with five dissimilar projections, with a fleshy convex lobe inserted proximally, set with many small trichoid sensilla; dorsomedial element “I-shaped”, articulated basally with dorsal bridge, articulated apically with lateral ejaculatory processes of aedeagus; parameral lobe at gonocoxite base reniform in lateral view, with several prominent setiform sensilla inserted subapically; aedeagus trifurcate, with point of trifurcation asymmetrical in dorsal view in some specimens; phallotrema flared slightly. Female: coloration, head, thorax, legs and wings as in male; spermatheca pyriform; ducts uniformly sclerotized, annulated and unpigmented.
Description.
See also
Alexander (1920)
.
Egg
(
Figs. 4–6
): elongate-ovoid, white, lacking microsculpture; micropile not evident; laid in clusters of 10 or more.
Larva
IV instar (
Figs. 7–21
,
49, 50, 52, 53
): Measurements (n = 3), total length
31.34 mm
(30.43–32.20), head width
1.35 mm
(1.33–1.43), head length
1.67 mm
(1.58–1.80). Head capsule ovate, heavily sclerotized anteriorly, dorsoventrally compressed, rounded posteriorly, partially retracted into prothorax; stemmata not apparent; primordial adult eye well-developed; frontoclypeal apotome (frcly ap;
Figs. 11
,
16
) somewhat pentagonal in shape, enclosed by frontal sutures; coronal suture visible medially on posterior 1/3 of the head; mesal endocarina (ec;
Fig. 11
,
16
) ending medially on anterior clypeal margin; anterior clypeal margin (acm;
Fig. 11
,
16
) composed of two pairs of undifferentiated lobes, medial pair elongate-transverse, lateral pair bulbous; labrum as broad as medial endocarinal lobes combined, broad, fleshy, somewhat dorsoventrally compressed; paraclypeal setae paired (s 3, s 4;
Fig. 11
); labral sclerite with paired setiform sensilla widely separated (s 2;
Fig. 11
); palatal brush (pb;
Figs. 12
– 14,18) with paired setiform sensilla inserted dorsally (s 1;
Fig. 11
); antenna (ant;
Figs. 10
,
12
,
18, 20
) inserted anterolaterally; base partially shrouded by epicondyle (econ;
Figs. 11
,
16, 20
); two-segmented, basal segment more than twice the length of distal segment; apical segment with at least six inconspicuous, two conspicuous sensilla basiconica inserted apically (aps;
Fig. 10
); mandibles (md;
Figs. 7
,
12
,
14
,
16, 18, 20
) well developed, symmetrical, pyramidal in shape, scoop-like, with three dentations apically; middle dentation projecting beyond others; oral surface of mandible with well-developed prosthecal brush dorsally, two setiform sensilla ventrally, adoral surface with two sensilla basiconica (s 12, s 13;
Fig. 12
), anterior condyle well developed; maxillary stipes with one prominent digitiform sensilla anterodorsally (s 21;
Fig. 7
), with cluster of microtrichia posteroventrally; galea globular (mxg;
Figs. 7, 8
,
12
,
18
), partially sclerotized, with three apical setiform sensilla (s 18, s 19, s 20;
Figs. 7, 8
); lacinia elongate (mxl;
Figs. 7, 8
,
12
,
18
), covered with microtrichia adorally, bearing one seta (s 22; broken in
Fig. 9
) anterolaterally; maxillary palpus (mxp;
Figs. 7–9
,
12
,
18, 20
) unsegmented, cylindrical, slightly longer than wide, set with many sensilla basiconica apically, with apical sensilla globose to digitiform, arranged in whirls; cardo (mxc;
Figs. 7, 8
,
12
,
18
) with three setiform sensilla (s 24–s 26;
Fig. 8
), separated from stipes (mxs;
Figs. 8
,
12
,
18
) by cardostipital ridge; postmentum (lmpo;
Figs. 8
,
12
,
13
,
18
) heavily sclerotized, quadrate basally, with anterior margin straight or slightly emarginated, concave; postgenal bridge (pbr;
Fig. 13
) complete; prementum (lmpr;
Figs. 7
,
12
–14,18) with saddle-shaped sclerite apically; labial palpus (lmp;
Figs. 7
,
14
) cylindrical, sclerotized, with six digitiform sensilla apically, two almost twice as long as the rest; glossae inconspicuous, (lmg;
Fig. 7
) conical; hypopharynx (hy;
Figs. 7
,
13, 14
) cushion-like, with semicircular sclerite dorsally; pharyngeal filter (ph fi;
Fig. 13
), housed within pharynx (ph;
Fig. 13
) well developed, supported by two narrow, sclerotized oral arms originating from hypopharynx. Thoracic segments (pro, mes, met;
Fig. 15
) equal in length, each bearing ten transverse, equally spaced 1–4 branched setae dorsally, four 2–4 branched setae laterally and six clusters of 1–3 branched setae ventrally; prothorax bearing pair of well-developed spiracles laterally (a spir;
Fig. 15
), pro- and mesothorax slightly differentiated by tenuous intersegmental constriction; metathorax with circular and pad-like lobes ventrally. Abdominal segments (aI–aVIII & aA;
Fig. 15
) with distinct intersegmental constrictions; abdominal segments I–IV with circular lobes ventrally, two simple setae, one bifurcated seta posterolaterally; segment VIII with one pair of posterior spiracles (p spir;
Figs. 15, 17, 21
), one pair of elongate, annulated filaments extending beyond anal division; filaments with evenly spaced simple setae posteriorly; anal division (aA;
Figs. 15, 17, 19, 21
) with one pair of elongate, annulated filaments dorsally, one pair of prolegs (pran;
Figs. 19, 21
) ventrally; prolegs each with elongate, annulated filament inserted dorsoapically, with two rows of retractile hooks apically, basal row with 11–13 hooks, apical row with 12–13 slightly longer hooks; anal papillae (ap;
Figs. 15, 17, 19, 21
) elongate-digitiform, twice the length of extended prolegs.
TABLE 1
. Leg segment measurements for adult males and females of
Araucoderus gloriosus
.
| Adult male |
| Leg-segment lengths: foreleg |
midleg |
hindleg |
| femur 6.15 (5.59–6.70) |
7.30 (6.10–8.50) |
7.95 (7.00–8.90) |
| tibia 8.55 (8.00–9.10) |
8.58 (7.70–9.85) |
10.10 (9.10–11.50) |
| tibial spur 0.31 (0.28–0.35) |
0.32 (0.30–0.35) |
0.34 (0.31–0.39) |
| tarsus 1 8.40 (7.80–9.00) |
6.60 (5.40–7.30) |
6.62 (5.50–7.85) |
| 2 2.58 (2.20–2.95) |
2.37 (1.80–2.85) |
2.36 (1.90–2.88) |
| 3 1.05 (1.00–1.10) |
1.61 (0.97–2.60) |
1.27 (1.09–1.40) |
| 4 0.53 |
0.68 (0.57–0.80) |
0.60 (0.57–0.66) |
| 5 0.65 (0.58–0.73) |
0.68 (0.58–0.80) |
0.58 (0.53–0.63) |
| Adult female |
| femur 6.90 (6.00–7.80) |
7.73 (6.70–9.28) |
8.32 (6.90–9.75) |
| tibia 9.23 (8.20–10.00) |
8.92 (7.70–9.60) |
10.59 (9.2–11.52) |
| tibial spur 0.39 (0.33–0.48) |
0.34 (0.28–0.42) |
0.38 (0.35–0.42) |
| tarsus 1 7.00 (6.30–7.40) |
5.60 (5.20–5.80) |
5.73 (5.10–6.20) |
| 2 2.01 (1.00–2.60) |
2.10 (1.92–2.25) |
2.19 (2.08–2.30) |
| 3 1.26 (1.11–1.41) |
1.25 (1.16–1.35) |
1.25 (1.13–1.47) |
| 4 0.65 (0.53–0.72) |
0.65 (0.55–0.73) |
0.68 (0.60–0.77) |
| 5 0.70 (0.61–0.78) |
0.67 (0.61–0.72) |
0.70 (0.65–0.81) |
Pupa
: Male: Measurements (n = 1), total length
18.40 mm
, respiratory organ
0.50 mm
(ro;
Figs. 23
,
25
). Body (
Figs. 22–25
,
51
) elongate, cylindrical, with cephalothorax circumference slightly larger than abdomen; mouthparts and thoracic appendages fused to each other and to remainder of cephalothorax. Head with tubercles; dorsal apotome (da;
Figs. 23
,
25
) apically with single sensilla (s da;
Figs. 22
,
24
), apotome ventrally abutting anterior margin of face; cephalic sclerite with one seta, sclerite fused anterolaterally to orbital portion of head capsule; antenna (ant;
Figs. 22
,
24
) extending posteriorly to between wing margin and midleg; clypeal apotome with pair of sensilla inserted basally; mouthparts restricted to area anterior of forecoxae; apex of labrum (lbr;
Figs. 22
,
24
) truncate; mandible present, maxilla absent; palpus (plp;
Figs. 22
,
24
) directed obliquely anterolaterally; labella divided medially; sensilla: setae arising from lobes; dorsal apotomals bilobed. Thorax: respiratory organ tubular, with numerous annulations, pores concentrated at apex; legs (pro leg, mes leg, met leg;
Figs. 22
,
24
) directed posteriorly, with tarsi extending posteriorly beyond wing apex, lying parallel to each other; metanotum (met;
Fig. 22
) undivided medially, haltere (htl;
Fig. 22
) extended posterolaterally before anterolateral margin of abdominal tergite 2 (aII;
Figs. 23
,
25
). Abdomen: circular in cross-section; tergites I–VIII with setae arranged in transverse rows on sclerotized bands bearing small coniform tubercles; pleurites II–VII with setae arranged in one caudal longitudinal row of three setae and one seta inserted in medial tubercle, adjacent to spiracle; sternites I–VIII with one pair of setae inserted posteriorly; segment VIII with posterolateral fleshy lobes bearing two setae posteriorly to spiracle; Segment IX (aIX;
Figs. 23
,
25
) without setae, a pair of posterior dorsomedial fleshy lobes present; terminal process apically tapered in both sexes. Female: Measurements (n = 1), total length
23.52 mm
, respiratory organ
0.57 mm
. In other details, same as male.
Male
(
Figs. 1
,
26–29
,
32–38
,
46
): Measurements (n = 5), total length
14.66 mm
(12.48–17.28); head length
1.48 mm
(1.42–1.56); head width
1.22 mm
(1.16–1.30); palpus length
1.54 mm
(segment length average 0.15– 0.24–0.57–0.31–0.32); clypeus length
0.41 mm
(0.40–0.44); clypeus width
0.37 mm
(0.35–0.39); wing length
15.82 mm
(14.14–18.08); wing width
3.75 mm
(3.35–4.05). Head with mandible and maxilla poorly developed (md, mx;
Fig. 27
); antenna with scape and pedicel glabrous, each with several setiform sensilla inserted distally; scape cylindrical (scp;
Figs. 27, 28
), slightly larger than pedicel; pedicel spherical (ped;
Figs. 27, 28
); flagellomeres numbering 15, all elongate, more than 3 times longer than wide, cylindrical; f 1 slightly longer than f 2; f 3–14 each with 4–5 trichoid sensilla inserted near base of flagellomere, arranged concentrically, as long or longer than flagellomere; f 1–15 each with several basiconic sensilla throughout; f 15 with 3 trichoid sensilla inserted apically. Cervical sclerites more than two times longer than wide. Wing (
Figs. 30, 31
) held away from body at angle in live resting individual; infuscate, with three transverse bands of pigment, basal-most band extending from h vein to posterior wing margin and slightly beyond proximal area of anal loop, medial band extending from midlength of Sc vein to posterior edge of C vein at distal end of anal lobe, passing through r-m and m-cu; apical-most band touching C vein on both sides of wing, appearing as an “X” from anterĺor margĺn of wĺng to apĺces of R4, M Z; costal cell yellow in color; cell r1 with two isolated, irregular, infuscated spots, one midlength of vein Rs and a second spot at cell apice; other spots, when present, variable among individuals. Halteres pale yellow at base, dark at apex. Legs light to dark brown, darker at both ends: Tibial spurs 0–2–2, symmetrical. Abdomen: segment I less than half as long as next segment, causing abdomen to droop ventrally; tergites dark brown with large irregular pale yellow markings basally on either side of medial line, each with dark yellow ovoid pattern centrally, basally. Terminalia (
Figs. 32–38
) with torsion of segments 7–9 variable from 0 to 180 degrees; gonocoxites (goncx;
Figs. 32, 33
,
36– 38
) narrowly contiguous at base (
Fig. 33
), divergent from each other at origin, each nearly cylindrical, tapering slightly toward apex; setiform sensilla or setae alveoli distributed over dorsal, ventral and lateral surface, absent mesally; gonostylus (gonst;
Figs. 32, 33
,
36
) cylindrical, about 2/3 length of gonocoxite, slightly tapering at apex, curved medially, with prominent setae alveoli evenly distributed over surface, hirsute apically; hypandrium not evident; epandrium (epand;
Figs. 32
,
36–38
) slightly wider than long, with setae alveoli distributed over entire surface; proctiger recessed anteriorly, nested within epandrium; cercus (cerc;
Figs. 37, 38
) inconspicuous, unmodified, setose; paramere subdivided into dorsal bridge (pm db;
Fig. 37
), lateromedial element (pm lme;
Figs. 36–38
), dorsomedial element (pm dme;
Figs. 37, 38
) and parameral lobe at gonocoxite base (pm gbl;
Figs. 32, 33
,
37, 38
); dorsal bridge arch-shaped, with a pair of small projections anterolaterally; lateromedial element broadly interconnected with gonocoxite anteromesally, divided into three prominent lobes, anterior lobe small, convex, with 4–6 setiform sensilla, mesal lobe dentate, with five dissimilar projections, with fleshy convex lobe proximally bearing many small trichoid sensilla; dorsomedial element “I-shaped”, articulated basally with dorsal bridge, articulated apically with lateral ejaculatory processes of aedeagus; parameral lobe at gonocoxite base reniform in lateral view, with several prominent setiform sensilla inserted subapically, many smaller trichoid sensilla inserted on entire surface; ejaculatory apodeme (ej apod;
Figs. 32–35
,
38
) extending anteriorly to abdominal segment 7 terminus, laterally compressed, clavate at base, with surface corrugated; sperm sac (spm sac;
Figs. 34, 35
) balloonlike, surrounded by aedeagus posteriorly, attached to ejaculatory apodeme anteriorly; aedeagus (aed;
Figs. 32–38
) narrowed abruptly at base, trifurcated at midlength; point of trifurcation asymmetrical in dorsoventral view; phallotrema flared slightly, placed between cerci when at rest; testes (tes;
Figs. 32–35
,
38
) pyriform, rounded anteriorly, differentiated from vasa deferentia only by width, shape; vasa deferentia (v d;
Figs. 34, 35
), testes rugose in appearance; ejaculatory duct (ej dt;
Figs. 34, 35
) lightly sclerotized, entering sperm sac through ejaculatory apodeme foramen.
FIGURES 4−6.
Araucoderus gloriosus
eggs.
4.
Egg cluster.
5.
Single egg with chorion.
6.
Single egg without chorion. Scale bars = 0.20 mm.
Female
(
Figs. 39–45
): Measurements (n = 3), total length
21.02 mm
(19.20–24.48); head length
1.51 mm
(1.25–1.72); head width
1.23 mm
(1.14–1.38); clypeus length 0.47 (0.37–0.55); clypeus width 0.40 (0.35–0.47); palpus length
1.80mm
(palpomere length average 0.11–0.34–0.66–0.32–0.36); wing length
18.56 mm
(16.15– 22.08); wing width
4.92 mm
(4.00–5.96). Head with eyes as in male; mandible and maxilla twice as long as wide; antenna as in male. Wing as in male. Terminalia with posterior margin of sternite VIII broadly bilobate, strongly emarginate medially, emargination with “square U” shape; genital fork (gen fk;
Figs. 40, 42
,
43, 44
) transversely elongated posteriorly, more than eight times longer than wide, “Y”-shaped medially, acuminate anteriorly; spermatheca numbering three; corpora ovoid, with visible necks; spermathecal ducts annulated and uniformly sclerotized, more than twice as long as corpora, unpigmented.
Distribution.
Araucoderus
is restricted to Patagonia. All confirmed records lie between latitudes
38°31’S
and
48°02’S
, ranging in altitude from 2 to 1700masl. A survey of the central regions of
Chile
yielded no specimens. There is one published
Araucoderus
record from
Argentina
(
Alexander, 1959
).
Type material.
Chile.
Región XI
(
Aysén
):
Holotype
Ƌ:
Chile
Rio
Aysén
, approximately, coll.
P. Dusen
, no date given; the specimen is deposited in two museums. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm
,
Sweden
(
NHRM
) and the
USNM
.
The
latter possesses only the wing, antenna and middle leg.
Only
the
USNM
material was examined during the current study.
Material
examined.
See
Figure
2.
Chile
. Región IX (
Araucanía
):
Estero el Rosario
@ confluence with
Estero la Cascada
39°23’12.93”S
71°41’46.27”W
, 710masl,
3.x.2007
, coll.
G.W. Courtney
, [2L];
Villarica N.R
.
Río Quelhue
@ northeast side
Lago Villarrica
39°14.134’S
71°57.758’W
, 230masl,
29.xi.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
, on riparian vegetation [1Ƌ]
;
Río Blanco Sur
, downstream from
Conguillío Road
38°31’16.62”S
71°50’17.70”W
, 601masl,
19.xii.2013
, coll.
G.R. Curler
, riparian vegetation [
1♀
]. Región XIV (
Los Ríos
): Estero Truful @ Hwy 203 crossing
39°49’29.97”S
71°59’53.63”W
, 230masl,
4.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[3Ƌ].
Región X
(
Los Lagos
):
Casa Pangue Llanquihue
,
4.xii.1926
, coll.
E.S. Shannon
[1Ƌ];
Ensenada
,
Llanquihue
,
2.i.1937
, coll.
E.C. Reed
[1Ƌ];
Llanquihue Hornohuinco
,
xii.1968
, coll.
L.E. Pena
[1Ƌ];
Lago Puyehue
southeast shore,
10.ii.1978
, coll.
W.N. Mathis
[1Ƌ]
;
Osorno Prov.
Laguna
el Espejo,
7.ii.1978
, col.
W.N. Mathis
[1Ƌ]; Palena
Río Amarillo
ca.
28km
southeast Chaitén,
23.i.1987
, coll.
C.M. & O.S. Flint
,
Jr.
, [1Ƌ]
;
Llanquihue Prov.
Río del
Este
@
Río Cochamó
,
5km
east Cochamó
41°30’S
72°16’W
,
2–4.ii.1998
, coll.
N.E. Woodley
[9Ƌ]; Prov. Llanquihue, {Cayutue} near Ralún
41°14’S
72°16’W
,
12.ii.1998
, coll.
N.E. Woodley
[2Ƌ];
Puyehue N.P.
,
Río Anticura
above
Salto
Río Anticura
,
40°40’16.14”S
72°10’12.88”W
, 395masl,
4.xii.2008
coll.
G.W. Courtney
[
1♂
];
Puyehue N.P.
,
Río Anticura
above
Salto
Río Anticura
, 40°40’16.14”S 72°10’12.88”W, 395masl,
6.xii.2013
, coll. R.I. Madriz [1Ƌ]; Puyehue N.P., Sendero Pudú 40°40’15.1”S 72°10’11.6”W, 393masl,
9.xii.2013
, coll. S. Marshall & G.W. Courtney [1Ƌ];
Río Blanco
@
Puente
Río Blanco Arenales
41°03’04.6”S
72°39’46.8”W
, 69masl, 9&
13.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
&
G.W. Courtney
[2L, 1P, 2Ƌ,
1♀
];
Puyehue N.P.
,
Río Colorado
@ Puente
Arauco
Sendero de
Chile
40°40’15.5”S
72°08’43.9”W
, 467masl,
10.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
,
G.W. Courtney
&
G.R. Curler
[10L, 1P, 13Ƌ,
1♀
]
;
Small creek
≈
7km
above
Ralún
on road to
Cayetué
41°19’50.7”S
72°16’30.1”W
, 240masl,
12.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
&
G.W. Courtney
[6L, 5 Ƌ]; Cayetué Road, small creek ≈ 5.5k above Ralún
41°20'20.89"S
72°16'23.40"W
, 150masl,
13.xii.2013
, coll.
G.W. Courtney
, riffle kick sample [5L]
;
Río Pedregoso
@
Puente Pedregoso
41°20’12.9”S
72°24’27.3”W
, 55masl,
13.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[3Ƌ]
;
Río Blanco
@
Puente
Río Blanco
,
40°58’36.5”S
72°35’01.9”W
, 242masl,
14.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[2Ƌ]
;
Río Blanco
@
Puente
Río Blanco
41°00’30.2”S
72°34’13.9”W
, 330masl,
14.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[2Ƌ]
;
Río Llaquepe
@
Puente Llaquepe
41°43’43.9”S
72°28’51.4”W
, 33masl,
15.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[
1 ♀
]
;
Río Negro
Chaqueihua
0.5km
N of intersection to
Hornopirén N.P.
41°55'38.2"S
72°25'19.6"W
, 39masl,
15.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
&
G.W. Courtney
[4L, 1Ƌ,
1♀
];
Río la Arena
@
Puente la Arena
42°00’03.6”S
72°26’11.8”W
, 32masl,
16.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[1P,
1♂
]
;
Río Santa Juanita
@
Puente Santa Juanita
42°07’38.1”S
72°27’54.8”W
, 32masl,
16.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[2Ƌ]
;
Río Pichicolo
southwest
Hornopirén
41°59’07.7”S
72°33’51.7”W
, 19masl,
17.xii.2013
, coll.
G.W. Courtney
[3L];
Región XI
(
Aysén
):
Creek
crossing @ highway 7
46°14’46.0”S
72°47’31.9”W
, 273masl,
27.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[1Ƌ];
West
of intersection to
Caleta Tortel
47°46’48.1”S
73°19’00.2”W
, 51masl,
26.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[11Ƌ,
3♀
]; Creek @ road to Ventisquero Mont
6km
south of intersection to Villa
O’Higgins
48°02’58.7”S
73°07’52.7”W
, 74masl,
25.xii.2013
, coll.
R.I. Madriz
[1Ƌ].
Natural history.
Habitat.
All larvae were collected in water temperatures from 4 to 11°C, with most sites closer to 4°C. The riparian zone of inhabited streams varied from dense forest to sites with little to no riparian cover (
Fig. 3
). Collection sites typically had coarse gravel to rocky substrata, with submerged wood either sparse or abundant. Some sites had diagonal and mid-channel gravel bars. Substrata often contained abundant detritus. Stomach contents of captured specimens suggest
Araucoderus
larvae feed on fine particulate organic matter.
FIGURES 7−10.
Head capsule parts of
Araucoderus
sp
.
7.
Primary right mouth parts frontal view with apical part of the mandible removed.
8.
Left mouth parts ventral view (some labeled setae broken or missing).
9.
Right maxillary palpus with seta broken off.
10.
Left antenna posterodorsal oblique view. Abbreviations: aps = apical sensillum; as2 = antennal segment #2; hy = hypopharynx; lmg = glossae; lmp = labial palpus; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; md = mandible; mxc = cardo; mxg = galea; mxl = lacinia; mxp = maxillary palpus; mxs = stipes; s 18–26 = seta, #18–#26. Scale bar 7=0.20 mm (7 & 8), 0.05 mm (9), 0.20 mm (10)
FIGURES 11−12.
Head capsule of
Araucoderus
sp
.
11.
Anterodorsal view.
12.
Frontal view. Abbreviations: acm = anterior clypeal margin; ant = antenna; atg = anterior tentorial groove; crs = coronal sulcus; ec = endocarina; econ = epicondyle; frcly ap = frontoclypeal apotome; fs = frontal suture; gen = gena; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mxc = cardo; mxg = galea; mxl = lacinia; mxp; maxillary palpus; mxs = stipes; pb = palatal brush; s 12–13 = seta, #12–#13. Scale bars = 0.50 mm
FIGURES 13−14.
Araucoderus
sp.
4th instar larva saggital cross section of head capsule.
13.
Complete head capsule.
14.
Mouth parts close up. Abbreviations: ep = epipharynx; esph = esophagus; hy = hypopharynx; lmp = labial palpus; lmpo = postmentum; lmpr = prementum; md = mandible; pb = palatal brush; pbr = postgenal bridge; ph = pharynx; ph fi = pharyngeal filter; sd = salivary duct. Scale bars = 0.20 mm
FIGURES 15−21.
Araucoderus
sp.
4th instar larva.
15.
Habitus dorsal view.
16.
Head capsule dorsal view.
17.
Anal division dorsal view.
18.
Head capsule ventral view.
19.
Anal division ventral view.
20.
Head capsule lateral view.
21.
Anal division lateral view. Abbreviations: a spir = anterior spiracle; acm = anterior clypeal margin; ant = antenna; aA = anal division; ap = anal papillae; crs = coronal sulcus; ec = endocarina; econ = epicondyle; frcly ap = frontoclypeal apotome; gen = gena; lmpr = prementum; lmpo = postmentum; lr = labrum; md = mandible; mes = mesothorax; met = metathorax; mxc = cardo; mxg = galea; mxl = lacinia; mxp; maxillary palpus; mxs = stipes; p spir = posterior spiracle; pb = palatal brush; pran = anal proleg; pro = prothorax; aI–aVIII = abdominal segments I–VIII. Scale bars = 1.00mm.
FIGURES 22−23.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
pupa.
22.
Habitus lateral view.
23.
Head & thorax lateral view. Abbreviations: aI–aIX = abdominal segments; ant = antenna; clyp = clypeus; da = dorsal apotome; eye = eye; htl = haltere; met leg = hind leg; lab = labium; lbr = labrum; mes = mesonotum; mes leg = mid leg; met = metanotum; plp = palpus; pro leg = foreleg; ro = respiratory organ; s clyp-lbr = clypeal-labral setae; s da = dorsal apotomal setae; s oc = ocular setae; wg = wing; l- 1–4-IV = segment 4 sensilla #1–#4. Scale bars = 0.01 mm.
FIGURES 24−25.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
pupa.
24.
Habitus ventral view.
25.
Head & thorax ventral view. Abbreviations: ant = antenna; clyp = clypeus; da = dorsal apotome; eye = eye; lab = labium; lbr = labrum; mes leg = mid leg; met leg = hind leg; plp = palpus; pro leg = foreleg; ro = respiratory organ; s clyp-lbr = clypeal-labral setae; s da = dprsa; apotomal setae; s oc = ocular setae; wg = wing; aII–aIX = abdominal segments. Scale bars = 0.01 mm
FIGURES 26−29.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
adult male head capsule with flagellomeres 2–17 removed.
26
. Lateral view.
27.
Lateral view.
28.
Dorsal view.
29.
Ventral view. Abbreviations: cerv scl = cervical sclerite; clyp = clypeus; comp eye = compound eye; flgm 1 = flagellomere #1; hyphar = hypopharynx; lab = labium; lbl = labellum; lbr = labrum; md = mandible; mx = maxilla; ped = pedicel; plp = palpus; pstm = postmentum; scp = scape. Scale bars = 0.10mm
FIGURES 30−31.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
wing.
30.
With pigmentation.
31.
Without pigmentation, veins and cells indicated. Abbreviations: anal lobe = anal lobe; bc = basal costal cell; bm = basal medial cell; bm-m = basal medial-medial crossvein; br = basal radial cell; c = costal cell; C = costal vein; cua = anterior cubital cell; CuA = anterior branch of cubitus vein; cup
=
posterior cubital cell; CuP = posterior branch of cubitus vein; d = discal cell; h = humeral crossvein; m-m = medial crossvein; m1, m2, m3, m4 = medial cells; M1, M2, M3, M4 = distal branches of medial vein; MA = anterior branch of medial vein; r-m = radial-medial crossvein; r1, r2, r3, r4, r5 = radial cells; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 = distal branches of radius; Rs = radial sector vein; sc-r = subcostal-radial crossvein; sc = subcostal cell; Sc = subcosta vein; Stm = stem vein.
Captive reared larvae became increasingly active a few days prior to pupation, possibly in search of a suitable pupation site. During morning field collections, larvae were sometimes found crawling on the surface of the marginal substrate. Captive individuals became increasingly active during the morning from 0900–1100hrs. In the field, mature larvae were often found beside a rock that was much larger than the larva, sometimes partially buried in the contiguous sandy substrata (
Fig. 52
).
Resting behavior of adults
. In both the field and laboratory, we observed no
A. gloriosus
adults resting on horizontal surfaces. The few specimens found on sloped surfaces used their tibial spurs as the main point of support. In the field, most adults were found on the underside of broad leaves in the riparian zone or among exposed roots of undercut river banks in the same general location as larvae (
Figs. 46–53
), sometimes more than
10 m
away from the stream. Among the most common resting sites were the undersides of leaves of
Gunnera
sp.,
Chusquea
sp., or
Fuschia
sp. A few individuals of both sexes were found under bridges, between the gabions armoring bridge abutments or on vertical surfaces of rocks and logs. A morphological study of the tarsal segments in
A. gloriosus
revealed similarities to those of
Mischoderus
Handlirsch, 1909
(
Friedemann
et al.
2014
)
and suggests that specific tarsal attachment devices are not required for the observed resting behavior in
Araucoderus
and
Mischoderus
.
FIGURES 32−35.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
male terminalia and genital tract.
32.
Epandrial view.
33.
Hypandrial view.
34.
Hypandrial view.
35.
Lateral view. Abbreviations: aed = aedeagus; ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; ej dt = ejaculatory duct; epand = epandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; gonst = gonostylus; pm gbl = paramere lobe at gonocoxite base; spm sac = sperm sac; tes = testis; v d = vas deferens. Scale bars = 0.1mm
FIGURES 36−38.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
male terminalia.
36.
Caudal view.
37.
Caudal showing paramere details.
38.
Lateral view. Abbreviations; aed = aedeagus; cerc = cercus; ej apod = ejaculatory apodeme; epand = epandrium; goncx = gonocoxite; gonst = gonostylus; pm db = dorsal bridge of paramere; pm dme = dorsomedial element of paramere; pm gbl = paramere lobe at gonocoxite base; pm lme = lateromedial element of paramere; tes = testes. Scale bar = 0.10mm
FIGURES 39−42.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
female.
39.
Terminalia ventral view.
40.
Terminalia ventral view labeled.
41.
Terminalia lateral view.
42.
Terminalia lateral view labeled. Abbreviations: acc gl = accessory gland; cerc = cercus; dig trk = digestive tract; gen fk = genital fork; gen op = genital opening; gp = genital papilla; hyp vlv = hypogynial valve; spmth = spermatheca; st 7–st 10 = sternites #7–#10; tg 7–10 = tergites #7–#10. Scale bars = 1.00 mm
FIGURES 43−44.
Araucoderus gloriosus
(Alexander)
female internal genitalia.
43.
Internal genitalia ventral view.
44.
Internal genitalia lateral view. Abbreviations: acc gl = accessory gland; gen fk = genital fork; spmth = spermatheca. Scale bar = 0.10mm.
Mating behavior
(
Fig. 54
). On
December 13th 2013
, a male and female of
A. gloriosus
were captured and kept alive in a clear container for further observation. Within 30 minutes of capture, the flying male collided several times with the vertically resting female, until coming to rest on the vertical wall of the enclosure side by side. Soon after, the male flexed the abdomen laterally, clasped the female abdomen at mid-length and guided its posterior end toward that of the female using an alternate constricting motion of the gonopods until their terminalia were aligned somewhat perpendicular. The male subsequently turned 180°, displaying a tail to tail copulation position. The copulation event was brief (10–20 seconds), followed by the male dislodging from the female. Neither individual showed further interest toward the other. The same female was observed copulating again several days after the first event. During the second copulatory event, three males were kept in the same enclosure.
During observed copulations, the apical tarsal segment of the foreleg was not used to hold the female, which disagrees with the general mechanism proposed by
Hennig (1968)
. In fact, our observations suggest the female is restrained entirely by the gonopods. The only previous account of tanyderid mating position (
Borkent
et al.
2008
) suggested a generalized orientation in which the mating position after landing was tail to tail while both individuals are standing up. This agrees with our observations except that
Araucoderus
was unable to stand freely on a horizontal surface.
Our observations of mating in
Araucoderus
show some similarities with the copulatory behavior of
Sycorax silacea Curtis,
1839 (Psychodidae)
described by
Jung (
Jung 1956
p.119) “… The male stands on the side of the female, with the body directed in the same direction as her. Suddenly he turns rapidly backwards with open claspers onto the female's abdomen. If the copulation succeeds, both animals stand for about 5 minutes calmly, forming a straight line with their bodies.” This observation may be a coincidence, but could be additional evidence supporting a close relationship between
Tanyderidae
and
Psychodidae
. Furthermore, Jung’s (1956) observations for
S. silacea
may also characterize the mating behavior of the Neotropical psychodid
Aposycorax chilensis
Tonnoir, 1929
, which exhibits similar behavior and morphology such as short flight pattern, resting in a hanging position and 90° rotation of the male genitalia (
Curler
et al.
2015
).
Oviposition
. Clusters of eggs (
Fig. 4–6
) were laid on water droplets on the enclosure floor.
Night collections
. Previous nocturnal collections of some tanyderids suggest a correlation of flight activity with sunset and evening hours (
Judd 2004
). Furthermore, black- or incandescent lights can attract some species of
Protanyderus
Handlirsch (1909)
,
Protoplasa
Osten Sacken, 1859
and
Mischoderus
(
Krzemiński & Judd 1997
;
Judd 2004
; Courtney unpublished observations). During our
2013-2014
expedition, black-light sampling was conducted at different times throughout the night, in areas where immature and adult
Araucoderus
were present during the afternoon. However, these efforts yielded no adult specimens, suggesting that
Araucoderus
is not attracted to black lights. On one occasion, with no
A. gloriosus
adults approaching the light and no flight activity observed during sunset hours, a subsequent search of the marginal vegetation revealed nearly two dozen resting
A. gloriosus
adults. Based on our observations,
Araucoderus
adults may be most active during the morning hours.
Predation.
Mid-air predation of adult
Araucoderus
was observed by a swallow (
Passeriformes
:
Hirundinidae
) and a dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera). Although no predation of larvae or pupae was observed, we found a dead mature pupa parasitized by over two dozen larval
Phoridae
.