Out of the twilight zone: phylogeny and evolutionary morphology of the orb-weaving spider family Mysmenidae, with a focus on spinneret spigot morphology in symphytognathoids (Araneae, Araneoidea) Author Lopardo, Lara Author Hormiga, Gustavo text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2015 2015-02-16 173 3 527 786 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12199 journal article 123829 10.1111/zoj.12199 02f79ff2-493a-449e-8206-5662abfa5c52 0024-4082 5331625 MICRODIPOENA BANKS 1895 ( FIGS 17–27 , 129A, B, D–F , 132 , 141J–O , 142A,B : CLADE C125) Mysmena Simon, 1895b: 149 . Bishop & Crosby, 1926: 177 . Levi, 1956: 8 . Forster, 1959: 306 . Kraus, 1967: 392 . Gruia, 1977: 162 . Shinkai, 1977: 326 . Roberts, 1978: 932 . Wunderlich, 1980b: 267; 1986: 222 . Kasal, 1982: 75 . Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 306 . Microdipoena Banks, 1895: 85 . Saaristo, 1978: 124–125 (rejected synonymy to Mysmena by Bishop & Crosby, 1926: 177) . Brignoli, 1980: 731 (rejected synonymy to Mysmena by Bishop & Crosby, 1926: 177). Baert, 1984b: 608 ; 1985: 51 ; 1989: 29 . Anjouanella Baert, 1986: 265 ( type species by monotypy A. comorensis Baert, 1986 , type material in MRAC, examined). New synonymy. Mysmenella Brignoli, 1980: 731 (transfer from Mysmena , type Mysmena illectrix Simon, 1895b , type material in MNHN, examined). Baert, 1984a: 240 (transfer from Mysmena ); 1989: 32. Namkung & Lee, 1987: 46 . Coddington, 1990: 19 . Thaler & Noflatscher, 1990: 174 . Namkung, 2002: 146 ; 2003: 148 . Wunderlich, 2004: 1073 (considered a junior synonym of Mysmena Simon, 1894 ). Yin et al ., 2004: 80 . Lee et al ., 2004: 100 . Trotta, 2005: 170 . Ono, 2007: 170 . New synonymy. Type species Microdipoena guttata Banks, 1895 by original designation, type material in MCZ, examined. Familial placement, composition, and re-circumscription Our working phylogenetic hypothesis places Microdipoena sister to Brasilionata within the mysmenine clade C128, which also comprises Mysmeniola and MYSM-019-MAD. Microdipoena comprises four described species (Platnick, 2014) and under the current re-circumscription, 11 other described species are transferred here (a total of 15 described species). Microdipoena is here represented by seven described plus two undescribed species ( Fig. 161B ; the latter two species are scored only for molecular characters): M. guttata , M. elsae , M. nyungwe , M. samoensis comb. nov. (from Mysmenella ), M. jobi comb. nov. (from Mysmenella ), M. illectrix comb. nov. , M. comorensis comb. nov. , Microdipoena -AToL-DR, and MYSM-030- MAD. Monophyly, diagnosis, and synonymy justification The following combination of morphological synapomorphies is unique and therefore diagnostic for Microdipoena (and are shared among all Microdipoena representatives, unless noted): abdomen with a whitish ventral ring around the spinnerets ( Fig. 142A ; except Anjouanella , with all ventral abdominal area lighter, Fig. 141J–L ); males with two prolateral apical clasping spines on tibia I ( Figs 26C , 27I , 141K, L, O ), thick embolus with an apical switch in the coiling direction ( Figs 18C, D, F , 27C , 132B, D, E ; also in Brasilionata ), and with either a distal apophysis ( Fig. 18F ) or a distal irregular membrane ( Fig. 27A– C ; except in Anjouanella , without modifications), spermatic duct switchback SB I parallel, with the portions of the spermatic duct before and after the switch SB I run close with each other and with one pair of extra switches (SB III and IV, Fig. 132B–E ); and small paracymbium ( Figs 17C , 22G , 27B ). As most Microdipoena representatives in this data set were scored only for morphology, no molecular synapomorphies optimize at the node of this genus; however, its distal clade (clade C172), which includes the only sequenced species of this genus, is supported by 92 molecular synapomorphies. Previous diagnoses for Microdipoena s.s. , Mysmenella , and Anjouanella are in agreement with the current diagnosis of the enlarged Microdipoena (see e.g. Banks, 1895; Brignoli, 1980; Baert, 1986).