Two new annual fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) unexpectedly discovered in the highlands of southern Brazil Author Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause 0000-0001-5295-3733 Instituto Pró-Pampa (IPPampa). Rua Uruguay, 1242. Bairro Centro, CEP 96010 - 630, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. & Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução da Biodiversidade. Avenida Ipiranga, 6681. Bairro Partenon, CEP 90619 - 900, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. & lelanes @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5295 - 3733 lelanes@gmail.com Author Volcan, Matheus Vieira 0000-0001-5846-3786 Instituto Pró-Pampa (IPPampa). Rua Uruguay, 1242. Bairro Centro, CEP 96010 - 630, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. & matheusvolcan @ hotmail. com; http: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5846 - 3786 matheusvolcan@hotmail.com Author Maltchik, Leonardo 0000-0002-5321-7524 maltchikleo @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5321 - 7524 maltchikleo@gmail.com text Zootaxa 2021 2021-03-26 4949 3 499 520 journal article 7570 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.4 514dddd7-980e-4b85-bfbd-bc2ea28bb41b 1175-5326 4640565 715864F1-D3E9-4D4F-9061-5376C51AED33 Identification key for the species of the subgenus Acrolebias 1a. Contact organs present on anal fin and opercle of males, preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts united........ 2 1b. Contact organs absent on anal fin and opercle in males, preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts separated....... 3 2a. Sides of body dark bluish brown with yellowish golden or light grey narrow vertical bands, prominent contact organs in the flank in males, jaws short, dorsal profile of head nearly convex............................. Austrolebias nubium sp. n. (rio Taquari-Antas, upper rio Jacuí, Lagoa dos Patos basin, Brazil ) 2b. Sides of body lilac grey with bluish white vertical bands, discrete contact organs in the flank in males, jaws slightly prognathous, dorsal profile of head slightly concave......................................... Austrolebias botocudo sp. n. (Upper rio Apuaê-Inhandava drainage, rio Uruguay basin, Brazil ) 3a. Pelvic fin present, supraorbital series continuous, 27–29 scales in the longitudinal series............ Austrolebias carvalhoi (rio Iguaçu drainage, rio Paraná basin, Brazil ) 3b. Absence or extreme reduction of pelvic fin, first three neuromasts of the supraorbital series separated from the remaining neuromasts by an interspace, 31–33 scales in the longitudinal series............................ Austrolebias araucarianus (rio Claro drainage, rio Iguaçu, rio Paraná basin, Brazil )