Review of Brazilian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae), with description of ten new species Author Soares, Matheus M. M. 0000-0002-2355-1441 matheusmmsoares@gmail.com Author Freitas-Silva, Rafael A. P. 0000-0002-7560-4939 rpfreitas.silva@gmail.com Author Ale-Rocha, Rosaly 0000-0001-9874-9770 alerocha@inpa.gov.br text Zootaxa 2021 2021-10-11 5049 1 1 84 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1 journal article 3976 10.11646/zootaxa.5049.1.1 5dc17a27-e095-4dc8-b10d-09fc935dbf45 1175-5326 5560580 F9647501-7F6B-4286-AEEE-19B620F697ED Syneches striatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha ( Figs 2B , 43A–H , 58 ) Syneches striatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha, 2016: 429–431 , figs 80–86, 113, 122. Type locality: Querari, Amazonas, Brazil . Diagnosis. Medium size (3.5–5.0 mm) ( Figs 43A, B ). Antenna dark brown, but postpedicel variable in length and color (see Remarks section below), palpus pale yellow ( Figs 43C–E ). Proepisternum long, almost reaching prosternum to form a precoxal bridge ( Fig. 2B ). Scutum rounded, as broad as mesopleuron in lateral view ( Figs 43A, B ). Hind femur slightly to strongly swollen, brown, with a yellow subapical ring ( Figs 43F, G ). Wing sub-hyaline, light brown, infuscated at humeral crossvein and apices of Sc and R 2+3 , and hyaline around pterostigma; pterostigma wide, rectangular, about 2 x longer than wide ( Fig. 43H ). Type examined material. HOLOTYPE ♂ ( INPA ) labelled: “ BRASIL , AMAZONAS, Querari ( Pelotão ) 1°5′N - 69°51′W ” “ 06.iv–15.v.1993 , João Vidal ” “ Holótipo , Syneches striatus , Menezes & Ale-Rocha ” [red label] . Holotype condition: good; not dissected. Additional examined material. BRAZIL . Amapá : Serra do Navio , Cach [oeira] Pedra Preta , 00°53′39.2″N 52°00′41.9″W , Malaise , 13–15.iv.2014 , J.T. Câmara & J.A. Rafael ( 1 ♂ , INPA ) idem , 19.xi.2014 , J.A. Rafael ( 1 ♂ , INPA ) . Amazonas : Careiro Castanho, BR 319 Km 181, Sítio São Paulo , 04°12′48″S 60°49′04″W , 13–27.vii.2016 , Malaise grande 2, J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F. ( 3 ♀ , INPA ) ; Manaus , R. F. Adolpho Ducke , Sede , 30.i.2018 , Varredura, R. Ale-Rocha et al . ( 1 ♂ , INPA ) ; idem , Aspirador ( 1 ♀ , INPA ) . Pará : Belem , Pará , IPEAN, 26.iii.1970 , J.M. & B.A. Campbell ( 1 ♀ , CNC ) . Mato Grosso : Nova Lacerda , Serra , 14°28′38″S 59°33′36″W , 27.iv.2006 , J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F., Arm. Luz ( 8 ♂ , 8 ♀ , INPA ) . Maranhão : Bom Jardim , REBIO-Res. Biol. Gurupi , Armad. Luminosa Móvel , 17–27.i.2010 , F. Limeira-de-Oliveira , J.T. Câmara & M.B. Aguiar Neto cols. ( 1 ♂ , 2 ♀ , INPA ) ; idem , Armad. Luminosa Base , 16–20.iv.2010 , J.C. Silva , M.M. Abreu , J.A. Silva & A.C.S. Ferreira cols. ( 3 ♂ , INPA ) ; Mirador , Parque Est. Mirador , Base do Mosquito , Armadilha Luminosa , 04–08.ii.2011 , F. Limeira-de-Oliveira ( 4 ♂ , 2 ♀ , CZMA ) . Rondônia : Ouro Preto do Oeste , R. INPA/ Ceplac , 10°43′00″S , 62°14′45″W , 22.iv.2006 , J.A. Rafael & F.F. Xavier F., Arm. Malaise ( 1 ♂ , INPA ) . Goiás : Corumbá [de Goiás ], F. Monjolinho , Barretto col., xi.[19]45 ( 1 ♀ , INPA ) . São Paulo : Salesópolis , BORACEA [sic. Boracéia], 12–17.i.1948 , L. Trav. F. & D. Braz ( 1 ♂ , MZUSP ) ; idem , Trilha dos Pilões–Malaise , 23°39′05.1″S 45°53′51.8″W , 27.ii.2005 , 13h00–14h00, L.K. Nogueira & A.P. Aguiar , BIOTA-FAPESP ( 1 ♀ , MZUSP ) . Espírito Santo : Domingos Martins , Mata Pico do Eldorado , 20°22′17″S 40°39′29″W , 23.ix–03.xii.2004 , Malaise , M. Tavares e eq[uipe], col. ( 3 ♂ , 4 ♀ , UFES ) ; Santa Teresa , Est. Biol. Santa Lucia , 810 m , 19°58′18″S 40°32′07″W , 09–12.iv.2001 , Malaise , Ponto 3 Bosque , C.O. Azevedo & equipe col. BIOTA-FAPESP ( 1 ♀ , MZUSP ) . Pará : Rio Xingu , Camp ( 52°22′W , 3°39′S ) ca 60 km S. Altamira , 02–08.x.1986 , P. Spangler & O. Flint , 1st Jungle stream trail 1, Malaise trap day&night collection, USNM 2053223 ( 1 ♂ , 2 ♀ , NMNH ) . Paraná : S. J. Pinhais , Serra do Mar , i.1985 , Arm. Malaise, J.A . Rafael ( 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , INPA ) . Santa Catarina : Nova Teutônia , 27°11′S 52°23′W , 300–500 m , xi.1970 , F. Plaumann ( 3 ♂ , MZUSP ) ; idem , xii.1970 ( 2 ♂ , INPA ) . COLOMBIA . Rio Raposo , Aug. 1964 , V . H. Lee , light trap , USNM 2053223 ( 1 ♂ , NMNH ) . VENEZUELA . T. F. Amaz. Cerro de La Neblina , Camp II, 2100 m , 0°50′N 65°59′W , 30.i.1985 , Malaise trap at edge of open bog and Bonnetia scrub, W.E. Steiner collr., USNM 2053223 ( 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , NMNH ) . Distribution. Brazil (States of Amapá *, Amazonas, Espírito Santo *, Goiás *, Maranhão *, Mato Grosso *, Pará, Paraná *, Rondônia *, São Paulo *, Santa Catarina *) ( Fig. 58 ); Colombia * and Venezuela . Syneches striatus is widely distributed in Brazil , recorded in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes. FIGURE 43. Syneches striatus Menezes & Ale-Rocha, 2016 . A–B. Habitus, lateral view. A. Holotype; B. Male from Mato Grosso. C–E. Head, lateral view. C. Holotype; D. Male from Amapá; E. Male from Mato Grosso. F–G. Hind leg, anterior view. F. Holotype; G. Male from Mato Grosso. H. Male from Amazonas. Wing. Remarks. Syneches striatus is one of the most morphologically variable Brazilian species of Syneches and it is apparently composed by two groups of species. One group comprises specimens from North Brazil (administrative states of Amazonas and Amapá ), with a long postpedicel, almost twice longer than preceding segments, which color varies from pale yellow (Amazonas) to dark brown with pale yellow apex ( Amapá ), and the hind femur is only slightly swollen. The other group is composed by specimens from other parts of Brazil , with specimens from the administrative states of Maranhão (Northeast Brazil ), Espírito Santo (Southeast Brazil ), Mato Grosso (Center West Brazil ) and Paraná (South Brazil ), which have the postpedicel wholly yellow, short, subequally long to the preceding segments combined and the hind femur strongly swollen. All specimens of S. striatus share the proepisternum long, almost reaching the prosternum to form a precoxal bridge. Wings, as well as male and female terminalia, show no significant variation. Therefore, we suspect that this species may actually represent a species complex, but presently we prefer to maintain all under the same name until additional studies, particularly molecular based ones, can give us some light into this issue.