A new species of leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylidae, Phyllodactylus) from Maria Cleofas Island, Nayarit, Mexico Author Ramirez-Reyes, Tonatiuh Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, primer piso, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico & Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior de CU, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico Author Barraza-Soltero, Ilse K. Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 203, 48280, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico & Laboratorio de Ecologia del Comportamiento, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste, S. C., Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, Apdo. Postal 128; La Paz, BCS 23096, Mexico Author Nolasco-Luna, Jose Rafael Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 203, 48280, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico & Universidad Autonoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura " Amado Nervo " s / n, 63155, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico Author Flores-Villela, Oscar Museo de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior de CU, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico Author Escobedo-Galvan, Armando H. Centro Universitario de la Costa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 203, 48280, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico elchorvis@gmail.com text ZooKeys 2021 2021-03-15 1024 117 136 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1024.60473 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1024.60473 1313-2970-1024-117 1E36885A6C0349BCA22F982A9CEA710 34BB99A9758355CBB3170F765063BCF2 Phyllodactylus cleofasensis sp. nov. Fig. 7 Phyllodactylus tuberculosus (in part) Wiegmann 1835 ( Stejneger 1899 ) Phyllodactylus lanei (in part) Smith 1935 ( Zweifel 1960 ) P. tuberculosus saxatilis (in part) Dixon 1964 ( McDiarmid et al. 1976 ; Casas-Andreu 1992 ; Woolrich-Pina et al. 2016 ) Common name. Maria Cleofas leaf-toed Gecko, Salamanquesa de la Isla Maria Cleofas. Type species. Holotype : Adult female ( MZFC-HE 35623 ) collected on Maria Cleofas Island ( 21.3095°N , 106.2340°W , WGS84, 64 m elev.) on 24-25 May 2018 by Ilse K. Barraza Soltero and Armando H. Escobedo Galvan . Paratypes . All collected from the type locality, Maria Cleofas Island (Six adult specimens and two juveniles). MZFC-HE 35618-35622 and MZFC-HE 35624-35626 . Figure 7. Dorsal view of Phyllodactylus cleofasensis sp. nov., in life. (Photo by AHE-G). Diagnosis. Phyllodactylus cleofasensis is a species of medium to large body size. Snout-vent length of P. cleofasensis measured during fieldwork ranged from 44.8 to 77.0 mm (mean 59.5 mm ). Concerning body size, P. cleofasensis differs (in mean size) from P. magnus (73.03), P. nolascoensis (56.29), P. partidus (55.12) and P. saxatilis (65.44). Phyllodactylus cleofasensis has a white venter, variable dorsal coloration, and a greater number of paravertebral dorsal tubercles (mean 47.89). Three meristic characters mainly differentiate P. cleofasensis from the rest of the species of the Phyllodactylus saxatilis clade ( P. saxatilis , P. nolascoensis , P. partidus , P. homolepidurus and Phyllodactylus sp.) (Table 3 ): paravertebral dorsal tubercles from head to tail (mean 47.89); number of scales across the snout, starting from the 3rd labial scale (mean 26.5); and number of longitudinal ventral scales from an imaginary line of the forelimbs to the cloacal opening (mean 61). Phyllodactylus cleofasensis has the highest values of the mentioned characters, while the rest of the studied species presented lower counts compared to other Phyllodactylus species in Mexico (Tables 2 and 3 ). The new species has the second highest mean number of dorsal tubercles after P. delcampi (63.4). Other Phyllodactylus species have fewer mean dorsal tubercles ( P. paucituberculatus , 28.7; P. duellmani , 37.1; P. bordai , 32.9; P. davisi , 41.6; P. muralis , 33.1; P. homolepidurus , 35.9; P. xanti , 37; P. lanei , 32.4; P. papenfussi , 33.2; P. isabelae , 32.3; P. lupitae , 28.8; P. rupinus , 28; P. benedettii , 28.8; and P. kropotkini , 28.4). Regarding the number of scales crossing the snout, P. cleofasensis has a very similar number of scales to P. muralis (26.1) and P. lupitae (25.5); lower counts occur in P. unctus (21.7), P. paucituberculatus (19.5), P. duellmani (19.9), P. delcampi (21), P. bordai (19.4), P. davisi (23.7), P. muralis (26.1), P. homolepidurus (22.5), P. xanti (16.5), P. lanei (21.6), P. papenfussi (17.8), P. isabelae (21.1), P. rupinus (20.6), P. benedettii (22), and P. kropotkini (20.2). Concerning ventral scales, P. cleofasensis has a mean of 61, similar to three species of the Phyllodactylus lanei clade (or clade I), namely, P. lupitae (61.5), P. rupinus (62) and P. lanei (62.86). The rest of the Phyllodactylus in Mexico have less than 61 scales: P. kropotkini (60), P. benedettii (59.71), P. xanti (58.75), P. angelensis (56.75), P. davisi (55.5), P. magnus (55.3), P. partidus (55.2), P. saxatilis (55), P. santacruzensis (54), P. muralis (53.9), P. isabelae (53.85), P. nolascoensis (52.75), P. homolepidurus (52.5), P. bordai (51.91), P. bugastrolepis (51.57), P. duellmani (48.75), P. paucituberculatus (48.66), and P. unctus (48.5). Description of the holotype . Adult female with SVL 71.17 mm , robust body, head not flattened, neck slightly differentiated from head. Head width 14.4 mm and snout length 12.11 mm . Rostral scale is flat (no grooves or stretch marks) and in contact with the two internasal scales. Nostril in contact mostly with the rostral scale and marginally with the first labial scale on both sides; supranasal scales in contact with 12 scales crossing from right to left side; 22 interorbital scales counted from middle of eye, interorbital distance 9.75 mm . 24 scales crossing snout between contralateral second labial scales 27 between third labial scales. Number of loreal scales 14 on right side and 15 on left side; equal number of supralabial scales (14), labial scales (8), and infralabial scales (7) on each side. Auricular opening oval ( 2.48 mm ) smaller than the ocular opening, occipital scales similar in size and shape to interorbitals (not greatly differentiated in size and shape). Mental scale slightly wider than long, forming a " V " but not with pronounced angles; eight postmental scales in contact with first infralabials on both sides (right and left). Body with granular and circular scales interspersed with tubercles of different sizes; the specimen presents a fragmented tail. Internarinal distance 2.67 mm and axilla-groin length 26.19 mm . 14 rows of dorsal tubercles, 20 axilla-groin tubercles on right side and 19 on left side. Presents 29 transversal ventral scales with first ventral scale differentiated from lateral scales (which are small and circular). Ventral scales differentiated in size and shape from lateral and gular scales. Scales imbricate on extremities (anterior and posterior), as well as on dorsal region of the tail. No femoral or precloacal pores. Digital lamella formulae: right posterior (9-11-15-14-13), left posterior (8-10-11-12-13), right anterior (8-11-12-13-10), left anterior (8-10-12-13-11); fourth finger of extremities longer that others ( 5.55 mm manus, 7.49 mm pes); digital toepads longer than wide on all fingers. Etymology. Specific epithet is taken from the type locality Maria Cleofas Island, with the Latin suffix - ensis meaning, "originating from." Specific epithet is masculine, in agreement with the gender of Phyllodactylus . Variation. All meristic and morphometric characters are presented with mean values and standard deviation in Tables 2 and 3 , respectively. Natural history. Individuals of P. cleofasensis were observed active during night surveys under single rocks, abandoned anthropogenic structures, or in some cases on the trunk of Piranhea mexicana . Some were observed on the ground while they moved between rocks. In some parts of the island, they can be seen in abandoned man-made structures, which are shelters for species such as geckos, anoles, iguanids, and bats. Although predation of P. cleofasensis has not been reported, we suggest that Oxybelis microphthalmus (for taxonomic status see Jadin et al. 2020 ) could be a potential predator given that we captured two O. microphthalmus at the same site of P. cleofasensis during nocturnal surveys. During our visits ( May to August 2017 and April to August 2018 ), we did not observe reproductive activity or females with a shelled egg in one of their oviducts. Eleven distinct prey items were found in 36 stomach contents. It has been mentioned that the diets of lizards in island environments contain a high percentage of vegetation matter due to the lack of food or scarcity of prey belonging to the Class Insecta ( Olesen and Valido 2003 ). However, in this work, a great variety of arthropods was reported in the stomach contents of geckos (Fig. 8 ). Prey items of P. cleofasensis were mostly composed of orthopterans (Family Rhaphidophoridae ) and coleopterans (Family Passalidae ); they also consumed plant matter, arachnids, lepidopterans, scorpions ( Centruroides elegans insularis ), and cockroaches ( Blattodea : Pycnoselus surinamensis ) (Fig. 8 ). Additionally, during fieldwork in May 2018 , we captured two individuals with remains of shed skin in their stomach contents ( Barraza-Soltero and Escobedo-Galvan 2020 ). Figure 8. Prey items identified from stomach contents of P. cleofasensis A Pycnoselus surinamensis B crickets of the family Rhaphidophoridae C beetles of the genus Telabis D Centruroides elegans insularis E Euphoria germinata F and G beetles of the family Elateridae H spider of the family Caponiidae I some individuals of lepidopterans.