Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes (Pristidae) Author Faria, Vicente V. Author Mcdavitt, Matthew T. Author Charvet, Patricia Author Wiley, Tonya R. Author Simpfendorfer, Colin A. Author Naylor, Gavin J. P. text Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2013 2012-12-18 167 1 136 164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x journal article 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x 0024-4082 5292186 PRISTIS PRISTIS ( LINNAEUS, 1758 ) FMNH 8182, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8183, unsexed ( 895 mm TL), 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8184, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8186, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8187, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8188, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8190, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8191, 3/8–9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8193, unsexed ( 978 mm TL), 3/18–19/1911 , Culebra River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8192, female ( 940 mm TL), 3/8–9/ 1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8194, female, 3/18–19/1911 , Culebra River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8185, 3/8– 9/1912 , Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 8189, Darién , Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; AMNH 44011 (first of four), female ( 951 mm TL), 1924, Chucunaque River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; AMNH 44011 (second of four), female ( 849 mm TL), 1924, Chucunaque River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; AMNH 44011 (third of four), male ( 860 mm TL), 1924, Chucunaque River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; AMNH 44011 (fourth of four), female ( 877 mm TL), 1924, Chucunaque River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1864.1.26.288, female ( 867 mm TL), Guatemala (E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1864.1.26 . 287, female ( 906 mm TL), Guatemala (E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (first of 11), female ( 403 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (second of 11), female ( 397 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (third of 11), female ( 396 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (fourth of 11), female ( 381 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (fifth of 11), male, Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (sixth of 11), male ( 380 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (seventh of 11), unsexed ( 385 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (eighth of 11), male ( 406 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (ninth of 11), male ( 390 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (tenth of 11), male ( 402 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; BMNH 1924.8.29.1–10 (11 th of 11), unsexed ( 390 mm TL), Gulf of Panama , Saboga , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; UF 210978, isolated rostrum, 9/1961, off the city of Esmeraldas , Esmeraldas State , Ecuador ; USNM 00222034, female ( 870 mm TL), 3/3/ 1967 , Balsas River (above Tucuti ), Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081072, female ( 944 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00079308, male ( 845 mm TL), Chorrera River , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00086070, male ( 1139 mm TL), Balboa , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081067, female ( 926 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081069, male ( 780 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081068, female ( 866 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081071, male ( 894 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081073, female ( 1000 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081070, female ( 950 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00086069, male ( 821 mm TL), El Capitan , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081074, female ( 950 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00081066, male ( 810 mm TL), Tuyra River , Marrigante , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00021789, isolated rostrum, Peru or Ecuador ; USNM 00111427, isolated rostrum, 5/28–29/1947 , Tilapa River estuary, just east of Ocos (~ 2 miles from the mouth), Guatemala ; USNM 00232697, isolated rostrum, Guayaquil, Ecuador ; USNM 00232698, isolated rostrum, Gulf of California ? ( Baja , Mexico )? (stated as ‘ California’ ‘USA’); USNM 00232965, isolated rostrum, Panama Bay , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; USNM 00111390, isolated rostrum, 12/24/1912 , Darién , Boca de Cupe , Panama ( E. Pacific ) ; FMNH 83732, isolated rostrum, Gulf of Mexico ; FMNH 83732, isolated rostrum, Gulf of Mexico ; MCZ −668, female ( 784 mm TL), 1873, Amazon River estuary, Marajó Island , Pará State , Brazil ; MCZ −302 (first of two) male ( 985 mm TL), 1865, Belém and environs, Pará State , Brazil ; MCZ −302 (second of two), male ( 874 mm TL), 1865, Belém and environs, Pará State , Brazil ; MCZ −667, dry female ( 2131 mm TL), 1865, Doce River , Espírito Santo State , Brazil ; AMNH 55624, male ( 181 mm TL), 7/1969, Lake Nicaragua , San Carlos , Nicaragua ; AMNH 11, isolated rostrum, ‘probably 1910’, ‘probably southern Florida’ , USA ; AMNH 49528, isolated rostrum, 1929, Brazil ; ANSP 17388, isolated rostrum, before 1878, Gulf of Mexico ; ANSP 17390, isolated rostrum, before 1878, Suriname ; MNHN 2003-2612, isolated rostrum, 1958, Pointe-Noire , Congo ; MNHN 2003-2611, isolated rostrum, 1958, Pointe-Noire , Congo ; MNHN 2003- 2613, isolated rostrum, 1958, Pointe-Noire , Congo ; MNHN 1902-255, dry female ( 5100 mm TL), 1902, Sassandra , Ivory Coast ; RMNH D3075, isolated rostrum (of a 5000 mm TL specimen), 12/18/1881 , Sugary River , Grand Cape Mount , Liberia ; RMNH D3078, isolated rostrum, before 1927, Liberia ; RMNH D3079, isolated rostrum, before 1962, Suriname ; RMNH D2674, dry juvenile, Suriname ; MRAC 74723, isolated rostrum, 1951, Luanda , Angola ; MRAC 66639, isolated rostrum, 1951, Congo Basin ; MRAC 68038, isolated rostrum, 1951, Banana, DR Congo ; MRAC 68039, isolated rostrum, 1951, Banana, DR Congo ; MRAC A4-45-P-12, isolated rostrum, 11/20/ 1959 Banana , DR Congo ; MRAC A4-45-P-2, isolated rostrum, Banana, DR Congo ; MRAC A4-45-P-18, isolated rostrum, 1951, unknown locality (probably W. Africa ); ZMB 16109, isolated rostrum, Luanda , Angola ; ZMB 32533, isolated rostrum, Aracaju , Sergipe State , Brazil ; BMNH 1923.11.13.1, juvenile female ( 412 mm TL), Caribbean Sea ( W. Indies ); BMNH 1982.9.13.4, isolated rostrum, ‘ Mediterranean’ (locality information written on the rostrum); BMNH 1843.2.1.8, dry female ( 200 mm TL), Carib- bean Sea ( W. Indies ); BMNH 2004.11.27.51, isolated rostrum, Sulima , Sierra Leone ; USNM 146543 (first of two), female ( 777 mm TL), 4/27/1947 , Lake Izabal , Guatemala ; USNM 146543 (second of two), isolated rostrum and wet torso of a female, 4/27/1947 , Lake Izabal , Guatemala ; USNM 00110174, isolated rostrum, 8/1878, Amazon River , Óbidos, Pará , Brazil ; USNM 00111169, isolated rostrum, c . 1830, Marowijne (Maroni) River , French Guiana ; USNM 00111367, isolated rostrum, 10/1943, Lake Nicaragua , Nicaragua ; USNM 00111369, isolated rostrum, 10/1943, Lake Nicaragua , Los Cocos , Nicaragua ; USNM 00111423 (first of two), isolated rostrum, 4/10/1946 , Lake Izabal ( Dulce River , Caribbean ), San Felipe , Guatemala ; USNM 00111423 (second of two), isolated rostrum, 4/10/1946 , Lake Izabal ( Dulce River , Caribbean ), San Felipe , Guatemala ; USNM 00111443, isolated rostrum, 1947, Lake Izabal ( Dulce River , Caribbean), San Felipe , Guatemala ; USNM 00232688, isolated rostrum, c . 1903, Maracaibo?, Venezuela ; USNM 00232689, isolated rostrum, c . 1903, Maracaibo?, Venezuela ; USNM 00232690, isolated rostrum, c . 1903, Maracaibo?, Venezuela ; uncat. INPA, isolated rostrum, 2002 or earlier, (Ver-O-Peso market, Belém, Pará ) Brazil ; uncat. INPA, isolated rostrum, 2002 or earlier (Ver-O-Peso market, Belém, Pará ) Brazil ; uncat. INPA, female ( 1595 mm TL), Amazon River , near Manaus, Amazonas State , Brazil ; MCZ -1259, isolated rostrum, 1906, Cenderawasih Bay , Japen ( Yapen ) Island , New Guinea , Indonesia ; AMNH 49527, isolated rostrum, 1921, Gulf of Thailand , Thailand ; MNHN 1938-16, isolated rostrum, Singapore ; MNHN A-3527, male ( 833 mm TL), Mekong River estuary, Vietnam ; MNHN A-9699, dry female ( 2850 mm TL), Senegal ; RMNH 7417, female ( 842 mm TL), before 1879 (auction date), ‘probably Batavia’ (= Jakarta ), Indonesia ; RMNH 7419, male ( 928 mm TL), before 1879 (auction date), ‘Banjarmasin?’ ( Borneo ), Indonesia ; RMNH 28608, female ( 2710 mm TL), Lake Sentani , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH 28609, female ( 3032 mm TL), Lake Sentani , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3051, isolated rostrum, 12/12/ 1953 , Lake Sentani , Joka , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3103, isolated rostrum, 1960, Coast of Bagamoyo , Tanzania ; RMNH D3080, isolated rostrum, 7/5/1864 , Ambato, NW Coast of Madagascar ; RMNH 4235, female ( 930 mm TL), 1846, Borneo ; RMNH D3057, isolated rostrum, 1954–1955, Digul River , Merah, near Tanah Merah Bay , southern New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3058, isolated rostrum, Digul River , Merah , near Tanah Merah Bay , southern New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3055, isolated rostrum, 1954, Lake Jamur , New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3052, isolated rostrum, 1935 or earlier, Lake Sentani , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3054, isolated rostrum, 8/1957, River Moif , Genyem , New Beran, northern New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D3056, isolated rostrum, 1954–1955, Digul River , near Tanah Merah Bay , southern New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D2026, isolated rostrum, 2/1954, Lake Sentani , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; RMNH D2654, dry, unsexed, Borneo ; ZMB 4527, male ( 978 mm TL), Zambezi River , Sena , Mozambique ; ZMB 8304, male ( 980 mm TL), Laguna de Bay (freshwater environment), Luzon Island , Philippines ; ZMB 8305, female ( 1152 mm TL), Laguna de Bay , Luzon Island , Philippines ; ZMB 33545, female ( 762 mm TL), 1913, New Guinea ; ZMB 33547, male ( 840 mm TL), Japan ; ZMB 14507, isolated rostrum plus other anatomical pieces, Ramu River , northern Papua New Guinea ; ZMB 14882, isolated rostrum, Zanzibar , Tanzania ; ZMB 33551, isolated rostrum, Indian Ocean (‘ East Africa or India or Sri Lanka’ ); ZMB 33552, isolated rostrum, Indian Ocean (‘ East Africa or India or Sri Lanka’); ZMB 33553, isolated rostrum, Bismarck Archipelago , Papua New Guinea ; ZMB 32538, isolated rostrum, 11/26/1909 , Bismarck Archipelago , Papua New Guinea ; ZMB 8695, dry male ( 1027 mm TL), Laguna de Bay , Luzon Island , Philippines ; ZMB 8696, dry female ( 998 mm TL), Laguna de Bay , Luzon Island , Philippines ; ZMB 7851, dry male ( 1235 mm TL), Zambezi River ; BMNH 1867.11.28.185, male ( 880 mm TL), 1867, Indonesia ; BMNH 1872.10.18.142, male ( 1030 mm TL), Laguna de Bay , Luzon Island , Philippines ; BMNH 1937.2.17.1, isolated rostrum, Lake Sentani , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; BMNH 1982.9. 13.3, isolated rostrum, Arabian Sea , ‘Vakyan Vakr’ near Sonmiani , Pakistan ; BMNH 1982.9.13.7, isolated rostrum, 1854, Zambezi River , Terre , Zambia ; BMNH 1864.6.28.21, isolated rostrum, Zambezi River , (‘ Zambezi Expedition’ ), Mozambique ; BMNH 1845.7.3.174, dry female ( 1170 mm TL), India ; BMNH 1872.10.18.141, dry female ( 1180 mm TL), rivers near Laguna de Bay , Luzon Island , Philippines ; UF 147760, female ( 955 mm TL), 2000, Australia ; USNM 00217001, female ( 809 mm TL), 11/27/1975 , Lake Herbert Hoover and Warm River ( Fly River basin), Papua New Guinea ; USNM 00217002, juvenile male ( 881 mm TL), 12/7/1975 , Strickland River , 4 km downstream of Massey Bakers Junction , Papua New Guinea . Additional material Isolated rostra from private collections: 1991, Lake Nicaragua , off Isla Nancita , near Granada , Nicaragua ( N = 1) ; 4/1/1998 , Lake Nicaragua , 2 km off Isla Zanate , Nicaragua ( N = 1) ; 7/1998 or earlier, Lake Nicaragua , Nicaragua ( N = 1) ; 7/1998 or earlier, Lake Nicaragua , off Granada , Nicaragua ( N = 2); 1960, Caribbean Sea , Tortuguero , Costa Rica ( N = 1) ; 7/1999–11/2000, northern Brazil (bought at Ver-O- Peso market, Belém , Pará State ) ( N = 88) ; after 11/2000, northern Brazil (bought at Ver-O-Peso market, Belém , Pará State ) ( N = 13) ; Amazon River , northern Brazil ( N = 1) ; Amazon River , Santarém , Pará , Brazil ( N = 4) ; Amazon River estuary, Macapá , Amapá , Brazil ( N = 2) ; Gulf of Thailand , Cambodia ( N = 1) ; 9/1999 or earlier, Indonesia (freshwater environment) ( N = 1); 3/1998 or earlier, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea ( N = 1) ; early 1998, Indonesia ( N = 1); 12/1999, Sepik River, Papua New Guinea ( N = 3). Images of rostra from public collections: CAS-SU 12670 ( holotype of P. zephyreus ), X-ray of head and skin ( 1200 mm TL), 12/24/1894 – 1/25/1895 , Presidio River , Sinaloa , Mexico ( E. Pacific ) ; LACM 42018.001, photograph of isolated rostrum, Mazatlán , Mexico ( E. Pacific ) ; LACM 42019.001, photograph of isolated rostrum, Baja California , Mexico ( E. Pacific ) ; IFAN R977, photograph of isolated rostrum, Joal, Senegal ( N = 1). Photographs of isolated rostra from private collections: 1995, Panama Bay, Panama (E. Pacific) ( N = 1); unknown locality (probably W. Atlantic) ( N = 1); c . 1960, Gulf of Mexico, Tampa, Florida , USA ( N = 1); late 1960, Lake Nicaragua , Nicaragua ( N = 1); off northern coast of west Australia ( N = 1); mid-1960 or earlier, Milingimbi Island, NE Arnhem Land, Australia ( N = 1). Photograph of complete specimen from private collection: Female, Espírito Santo State , Brazil ( N = 1). Number of rostral teeth per side data from specimens deposited in public collections: SIO 49-110, isolated rostrum, Nicaragua (E. Pacific ) ; SU 11892, male ( 888 mm TL), 1/10/1896 – 2/24/1896 , Panama (E. Pacific ) ; SU 34467, isolated rostrum, 1940 or earlier, Presidio River , at its mouth ( Mazatlán ), Sinaloa State , Mexico ( E. Pacific ) ; SU 34468, isolated rostrum, Natal , Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil ; uncat. CAS, isolated rostrum, Lake Sentani , Papua , New Guinea , Indonesia ; SAM 22785(?), isolated rostrum (specimen was originally 4064 mm TL), Wilderness , South Africa ; SU 26822, skeleton of a male ( 305 mm TL), 5/1/1931 – 5/31/1931 , Luzon Island , Philippines ; SU 26822, female, Luzon Island , Philippines . Number of rostral teeth per side and/or morphometric data from published articles: Uncat., isolated rostrum, c . 1965, Soro, Republic of Guinea ( Robillard & Séret, 2006 ); uncat. Centre National des Sciences Halieutiques de Boussoura – CNSHB, isolated rostrum, Bongolon, Republic of Guinea ( Robillard & Séret, 2006 ); uncat. IUCN-Bubaque, isolated rostrum, Bijagós, Guinea-Bissau ( Robillard & Séret, 2006 ); uncat., isolated rostrum, 2004, Bolama , Guinea-Bissau ( Robillard & Séret, 2006 ); uncat., isolated rostrum, 2003, Bolama , Guinea-Bissau ( Robillard & Séret, 2006 ); uncat., isolated rostrum, 1983, Guinea-Bissau ( Robillard & Séret, 2006 ); MTUF 30202, male ( 789 mm TL), Betsiboka River Basin, Madagascar ( Taniuchi et al ., 2003 ); uncat., female ( 792 mm TL), Betsiboka River Basin, Madagascar ( Taniuchi et al ., 2003 ); uncat., male ( 793 mm TL), Betsiboka River Basin, Madagascar ( Taniuchi et al ., 2003 ); uncat., male ( 1450 mm TL), Betsiboka River Basin, Madagascar ( Taniuchi et al ., 2003 ).