A revision of Strophurus taenicauda (Squamata; Diplodactylidae) with the description of two new subspecies from central Queensland and a southerly range extension Author Brown, Danny Author Wilmer, Jessica Worthington Author Macdonald, Stewart text Zootaxa 2012 3243 1 28 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.215367 c97223fc-87d6-4f8c-bb25-a60bb61b4187 1175-5326 215367 Strophurus taenicauda taenicauda ssp. nov. Southern Golden-tailed Gecko Lectotype . QMJ11215, Chinchilla, Queensland, Australia (-26.73˚, 150.63˚) ( Fig. 5 A) Other material examined. QMJ720, (no locality data); QMJ9101, Condamine (-26.93˚, 150.13˚); QMJ10926, Dalby (-27.18˚, 151.25˚); QMJ13497, QMJ13503–05, AMR5841, Cardwell Stn (-27.36, 151.4); QMJ15288, Rockwood Stn, 32km SW Chinchilla (-26.93˚, 150.37˚); QMJ15541–42, Injune, 80–160km NW (- 24.9˚, 148.52˚); QMJ26978, Chinchilla, 10km N (-26.67˚, 150.58˚); QMJ30522, Kolane Stn (-25.8˚, 150.28˚); QMJ36983, Braemar SF, via Kogan (-27.22˚, 150.83˚); QMJ38497, Pony Hills SF (-25.83˚, 149.03˚); QMJ47954, Injune area (-25.85˚, 148.57˚); QMJ69670, Carnarvon NP, Salvator Rosa section (-24.8˚, 147.2˚); QMJ86304, Carnarvon NP, QLD (-24.97˚, 147.98˚); AMR10592, Moola, Kaimkillenbun Via Dalby (-27.1˚, 151.533˚); AMR15942, Dalby (-27.183˚, 151.250˚). All localities are from Queensland, Australia . TABLE 4. Summary of statistical differences in morphometric and meristic variables between subspecies (characters without statistical differences among all subspecies pairs are not listed).
Characteristic S. t. taenicauda / S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. S. t. taenicauda / S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. / S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov
Head width NS NS <0.05
Snout length:head length % NS <0.05 <0.05
Eye to ear distance NS <0.05 NS
Hind limb length <0.05 <0.05 NS
Fourth toe length NS <0.05 NS
Rostral groove height <0.05 NS <0.05
Supralabial count <0.05 NS NS
Infralabial count NS <0.05 <0.05
Interorbital count <0.05 <0.05 NS
Loreal scale count NS <0.05 <0.05
Median Internasal scale count NS <0.05 <0.05
Postnasal scale count <0.05 <0.05 NS
Interpore scale count <0.05 NS <0.05
Male cloacal spur scale count <0.05 NS <0.05
Fourth finger primary lamellae NS <0.05 <0.05
Fourth finger secondary lamellae indentation NS <0.05 <0.05
Fourth finger tertiary lamellae NS NS <0.05
Fourth toe primary lamellae NS <0.05 <0.05
Fourth finger secondary lamel- lae indentation NS <0.05 <0.05
Specimens of S. taenicauda (assigned herein to S. t. taenicauda ) held in the collections of the Queensland Museum (QMJ13491–QMJ13506) and the Australian Museum (AMR5840–AMR5842) are said to come from 'Cardwell, N.E.Q.', a locality that is around 600km north of the known range for this species. Examination of the Queensland Museum collection registers shows that this material was initially part of a series of 26 specimens registered on the 26th July 1912 as QMJ180 and that at the time of registration three of these were sent to the Australian Museum as an exchange. Sixteen of the Queensland Museum specimens were subsequently re-registered as QMJ13491–QMJ13506 ( 1st November 1965 ) and no explanation was given as to the whereabouts of the remaining seven specimens in the series; presumably they were lost or discarded because of poor condition. The entry for QMJ180 states that these specimens came from the 'old collection' but no earlier records can be found to show when they were first acquired by the Queensland Museum. A disparity exists in the 'locality' data between the 1912 registration and the subsequent 1965 re-registration. In 1912 the locality is given as 'Cardwell' but in 1965 it appears as 'Cardwell, N.E.Q'. The register entries provide the coordinates for the town of Cardwell in north-eastern Queensland (-18.27°, 146.02°) but in both cases these have been written in a different hand and added at a later date. That 'N.E.Q' first appears with the 1965 register entry strongly suggests that the author of this entry assumed that 'Cardwell' referred to the town in north-eastern Queensland and casts doubt as to the geographic origin of this material. We believe a more likely collection locality is Cardwell Station (-27.365°, 151.4044°), southwest of Bowenville. Cardwell Station lies within the known extent of occurrence for this species and there are five confirmed records within 30km of this site since 2000 (A. Borsboom pers. comm., 2011). Habitat data provided by the Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management ( DERM ) further supports this view. Within a 10km radius of Cardwell Station, there is habitat (Regional Ecosystem 11.3.2; Sattler & Williams 1999 ) that, in a recent conservation assessment, was thought to have a 'medium probability' of supporting this species ( Borsboom 2006 ) and from which other specimens of this species have been recorded (see Appendix 1). The town of Cardwell in north-eastern Queensland, however, lies within the Wet Tropics bioregion and does not support any Regional Ecosystem type that has been described as suitable habitat for this species. FIGURE 5. Type specimens of S. taenicauda subspecies: A) Lectotype of S. t. taenicauda (QMJ11215). B) Holotype of S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. (QMJ4551). C) Holotype of S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. (QMJ76397). FIGURE 6. In life photos of S. taenicauda subspecies: A) Strophurus t. taenicauda , Alton National Park, Qld (photo D. Brown). B) Strophurus t. albiocularis ssp. nov. , Duaringa, Qld (photo G. Schmida). C) Strophurus t. triaureus ssp. nov. , Eidsvold, Qld (photo G. Schmida). Diagnosis: Strophurus taenicauda taenicauda is a medium sized (maximum SVL 71.4 mm ), well-patterned gecko from south-western Qld ( Fig. 6 A). It is distinguished by the following combination of character states: dorsal spots large; golden tail stripe single, with undulating or transversely extending lateral margins; eye colour red. See Table 5 for comparisons with newly described conspecific subspecies. TABLE 5. Intraspecific comparison of Strophurus taenicauda sensu lato .
Character S. t. taenicauda (n = 21) S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. (n = 22) S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. (n = 9)
Tail striping Single with undulating lateral edges or transverse extensions Single and straight-edged One dorsal with dark barring; two undulating lateral stripes
Cloacal spur scales 7–10 and rounded 5–7 and pointed 7–10 and rounded
Mental scale shape Pentagonal (when viewed ventrally) Trapezoidal Pentagonal
Proximal margin of mental/ Curved and deeply interdigi- infralabial scale tated with chin scales Straight and weakly interdigi- tated with chin scales Curved and deeply interdigi- tated with chin scales
Eye colour Red White Amber
Interpore scales 4–6 1–3 5–6
Dark dorsal spots 4–12 scales in size 1–8 scales in size 1–3 scales in size
Supralabial scales 9–12 10–15 10–12
Interorbital scales 23–31 20–28 21–24
Primary subdigital lamellae 0 on fourth finger/toe 0 0–3
Re-description. Measurements: SVL 50.3–71.4 mm (mean = 61.5, sd = 6.01; n = 21,); characters as % of SVL (n = 21): TL = 59.0–83.5 (mean = 68.9, sd = 6.6); HL = 26.0–32.2 (mean = 28.5, sd = 1.6); HW = 16.8–31.0 (mean = 20.5, sd = 3.8); SL = 10.6–13.8 (mean = 12.4, sd = 0.84); OD = 5.4–7.8 (mean = 6.48, sd = 0.07); EE = 8.2–12.1 (mean = 9.49, sd = 0.09); FLL = 31.1–44.7 (mean = 37.2, sd = 3.3); HLL = 37.8–51.1 (mean = 43.2, sd = 3.3). Head: Narrow, elongate, distinct from neck; dorsal and lateral head scalation fine, granular, homogenous and similar to dorsal body; head width 59.8–75.6% of head length (mean = 67.1); snout length 38.9–46.2% of head length (mean = 43.45); rostrum pentagonal with deep dorsomedial invagination leading to an incomplete rostral groove 50–67% of rostral height ( Fig. 7A ); rostral formula 1.71–2.34 (mean = 1.98, sd = 0.185); nostril surrounded by first supralabial, rostral, a single lateral internasal, 1–2 supranasals (mean = 1.42) and 2–3 postnasals (mean = 2.15); median internasals 1–2 (mean = 1.26); loreals 10–15 (mean = 12.95); supralabials 9–12 (mean = 10.91); interorbitals 23–31 (mean = 27.09); mental formula 1.1–2.02 (mean = 1.49, sd = 0.234); mental and first infralabials pentagonal, posterior boundary forming a curved border with deep interdigitation with chin scales (Fig. 8A); infralabials 13–16 (mean = 14.6); chin scales granular and homogenous with ventral scales. Body: Body scales homogenous, moderately flat, juxtaposed; dorsal scales equal to or slightly larger than ventral scales; preanal pores present in males, absent in females; preanal pores 5–6 (occasionally asymmetrical in both number and positioning), separated medially by 4-6 interpore scales ( Fig. 9A ); cloacal spurs with numerous rounded scales ( Fig. 10A ); tail cylindrical, covered in homogenous scales arranged loosely in concentric rings. Limbs: Digits wide and depressed; paired apical plates large (as wide as or slightly narrower than distal tip of digit); fourth finger subdigital lamellae 5–8 ( Fig. 11 A); primary lamellae absent; secondary lamellae 4–5 (mean = 4.85); distal indentations in fourth finger secondary subdigital lamellae 2–4 (mean = 2.136); pairs of tertiary lamellae 1–3 (mean = 1.95); fourth toe subdigital lamellae 5–9; primary lamellae absent; secondary lamellae 4–6 (mean = 4.38); distal indentations in fourth toe secondary subdigital lamellae 2–4 (mean = 2.27); pairs of tertiary lamellae 1–3 (mean = 2). Colouration. Dorsal ground colour silver grey; dorsal surfaces of head, body and limbs covered with irregularly shaped black spots ( Fig. 12 A); black spots comprised of 4–12 scales; individual spots separated by bands of dorsal ground colour 1–2 scales wide; venter white with scattered black spots (1 scale wide); specimens from the north-western part of the range possess smaller dorsal spots (1–2 scales in size) but still retain the narrow 1–2 scale bands between them. It is unknown if this represents a gradual clinal variation from south ( S. t. taenicauda ) to north ( S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. ). Tail with dorsal golden-yellow stripe ( Fig. 13 A); stripe 2–4 scales wide at the narrowest point; stripe most commonly ceases at the level of hips but may extend to nape (becoming narrower cranially); stripe may be discontinuous when extending anterior from the hips; distal tip of tail golden, both dorsally and ventrally; proximally, stripe margins are undulating, becoming more deeply undulating distally; the majority of distal undulations form transverse golden bars reaching the ventrolateral margin; adjacent to undulating margins and between the transverse bars, the scales are black with randomly scattered silver white spots; ventral tail silver-grey with scattered black spots (1 scale wide); mouth colour blue; eye colour in life red to red-orange. In spirit, body colouration is similar but the tail stripe is yellow to tan, and eye colouration may be chestnut brown. FIGURE 7. A) Rostral scale pentagonal with deep dorsomedial invagination ( S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. ) (QMJ5481); B) Rostral scale rectangular to pentagonal with shallow to moderate dorsomedial invagination ( S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. ) (QMJ4348). Condition A also applies to S. t. taenicauda . FIGURE 8. A) Mentals and 1st infralabials pentagonal with posterior boundary forming curved border with deep interdigitations with chin scales ( S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. ) (QMJ75397); B) Mentals and 1st infralabials trapezoid with posterior boundary forming straight border with minimal interdigitations with chin scales ( S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. ) (QMJ4551). Condition A also applies to S. t. taenicauda . Details of lectotype . SVL 53 mm , TL 76.6%, HL 29.8%, HW 19.6%, SL 13.8%, NL 21%, OD 6.5%, EE 12.1%, FLL 39.1%, HLL 47.7%, FFL 8.1%, FTL 7.9%, DS 7.6%, RWH 1.9, RGH 50%, MWH 1.7, UL 12, LL 15, IO 26, LS 14, RM 1.32, LI 1, MI 2, SN 2, PN 2. Genetics. Strophurus t. taenicauda differs in ND2 sequences from the other two subspecies at between 5.87 and 6.78% of sites ( Table 2 ). Average intrasubspecific sequence divergence is 0.21% ( Table 2 ). Habitat. Strophurus t. taenicauda occurs in a wide range of habitats in the Southern Brigalow Belt bioregion. This habitat is typified by the presence of Acacia harpophylla (Brigalow) , Casuarina cristata (Belah) , Allocasuarina luehmannii (Bull Oak) , Eucalyptus crebra (Ironbark) and Callitris glaucophylla (Cypress) ( Fig. 14 A). Habitat types (and status) recorded for this subspecies are listed in Appendix 1. These have been determined by plotting localities for museum specimens and sight records against Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management Regional Ecosystem mapping ( Sattler & Williams 1999 ). FIGURE 9. A) Wide interpore interval ( S. t. taenicauda ) (QMJ13497); B) Narrow interpore interval (S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. ) (QMJ4550). Condition A also applies to S. t. triaureus ssp. nov. The habitat types recorded support the association of this subspecies with brigalow scrub, but with additional use of other habitat types . Some of the Regional Ecosystems in which this subspecies is found are currently listed as "endangered" or "of concern". This subspecies appears to be predominately arboreal, being most commonly found at night foraging on the trunks and outer branches of trees and on the ground amongst leaf-litter or ground debris. It shelters during the day beneath loose bark in standing trees, particularly under dead bark on small saplings, and in tree hollows. Its cryptic colouration allows it to rest on exposed saplings and tree trunks, usually in a head-down position. The species has been observed to co-occur with the following gecko species: S. williamsi, Gehyra variegata, G. dubia, Oedura marmorata , O . monilis and O . tryoni . Distribution. Strophurus t. taenicauda was formerly considered endemic to Queensland, but is now known to also occur in New South Wales (see below). It can be locally common in appropriate habitat but this habitat is restricted and fragmented. It is currently found throughout the southern Darling Downs from Cecil Plains to St George and as far south as the Queensland–New South Wales border ( Fig. 15 ; but see below for additional NSW record). It formerly extended further east but is now excluded from many areas by extensive habitat destruction. The species extends north to Allies Creek in the east and Carnarvon NP in the west. On 7 November 1998 , three S. t. taenicauda individuals were found under loose bark in the vicinity of the Rocky Creek Bore Camp Site (-30.7274˚, 149.133˚) in the Pilliga Scrub region, NSW (Michael Banicek & Brian Lazell pers. comm. 2009). These were photographed and subsequently released ( Fig. 16 ). As far as we are aware, this represents the only record of this species outside of Queensland, and represents a significant range extension (> 250km ) for the nominate subspecies. In the northwest region, from Injune to the Salvator Rosa region of Carnarvon NP, the appearance of the specimens (QMJ15541–42, QMJ47954, QMJ69670, QMJ86304) is different with smaller dorsal body spotting ( Fig. 12 B) but retention of expected eye colour (red) and tail patterning (single tail stripe with undulating margins or transverse extensions). In this area there is also a potential overlap with S. t. albiocularis ssp. nov. It is unknown if this represents an aberrant form of S. t. taenicauda , a possible fourth subspecies, or geographical intermediates between S. t. taenicauda and S. t. albiocularis . We were unable to extract viable DNA from the preserved specimens, so they did not form part of the genetic analysis. Further specimens from this location need to be examined before any conclusions can be drawn.