Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical Augiades Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) Author Siewert, Ricardo Russo 0000-0001-6212-1746 Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. ricardo. siewert @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 6212 - 1746 ricardo.siewert@gmail.com Author Lemes, José Ricardo Assmann 0000-0003-1107-7903 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & jralemes @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 1107 - 7903 jralemes@gmail.com Author Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik 0000-0003-3655-4606 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & omhesp @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3655 - 4606 omhesp@ufpr.br Author Casagrande, Mirna Martins 0000-0002-6076-8463 Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. & mibras @ ufpr. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6076 - 8463 mibras@ufpr.br text Zootaxa 2022 2022-03-03 5105 2 237 252 journal article 20376 10.11646/zootaxa.5105.2.4 b4c98dba-203a-4c32-ad29-3019ca289cd2 1175-5326 6332657 56D37B3E-6E13-48FA-BD23-A1AF58CB4D8D Augiades Hübner, [1819] Augiades Hübner, [1819] . Verz. bek. Schmett ., p. 112; included species: Papilio crinisus Cramer , Papilio arcalaus Cramer , Papilio comma Linnaeus , Papilio sylvanus Esper , Papilio helirius Cramer and Papilio euribates Cramer. —Herrich-Schäffer, 1870. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 24 : 157.— Butler, 1870 . Ent. monthly Mag. 7 : 58; type species: Papilio crinisus Cramer, 1780 .— Scudder, 1872 . Report. Peabody Academy of Science 4 : 79.—Scudder, 1875. Proc. Amer. Ac. Arts & Sc. 10 : 124.—Tutt, 1905. Brit. Butt. 1 , p. 85.—Tutt, 1906. Brit. Lep. 8 , p. 85.—Draudt, 1923, in Seitz. Gross- Schmett. Erde 5 , p. 939.—Lindsey, 1925. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 18 : 79.—Handlirsch, 1925, in Schröder, 1925. Handb, Ent. 3 , p. 934.— Hemming, 1934 . Gen. Nam. Holarctic Butt. , p. 160.—Hemming, 1937. Hübner 2 , p. 160.— Bell, 1946 . Bol. Ent. venezol. 5 : 99.—Hayward, 1947. Acta zool. Lill. 4 : 268.— Evans, 1949 . Cat. Hesp. Europe, Asia and Australia , p. 350.— Evans, 1952 . Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2 , p. 6, 27.—Barth, 1952. Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz 50 : 466, 469, 470; odoriferous organs.—Barth, 1960. Bol. Parq. Nac. Itatiaia , Rio de Janeiro, 7 : 21.—Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 69, 319.—Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct ., p. 8.—Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 2 , p. 4.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Fam.-Group & Gen.-Group Nam. 4 , p. 15; 5 , p. 5.—Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 2 , p. 6; App. 2 , p. 5.—Lamas; O. Mielke & Robbins, 1993. Jour. Lep. Soc. 47 : 81; ethol.—Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group, Sp.-Group Nam., Hesp. (Lep.) World 4 , p. 4; 5 , p. 6; 6 , p. 10; 9 , p. 7.—Maes et al ., 1999, in Maes. Cat. Ins. Art. Nicaragua , p. 1247.—Fernández-Rubio; Iñigo & Fernández-A., 2001. Bol. S. E. A. 29 : 113; etymology.—O. Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 3, 32, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea , in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A .—O. Mielke, 2005 . Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 2 , p. 181.—DeVries; Austin & Martin, 2008. Biol. Jour. Linn. Soc. 94 : 727.—Warren; Ogawa & A. Brower, 2008. Cladistics 24 : 24.—Warren; Ogawa & A. Brower, 2009. Syst. Ent. 34 : 483, 513.— Li et al ., 2019 . PNAS : 2, appendix 12, 31. Type species. Papilio crinisus Cramer, 1780 , by subsequent designation by Butler (1870) . Diagnosis. Augiades can be distinguished from most genera of Eudaminae by the color pattern of wings: orangish or yellowish ferruginous patch covering the proximal half of DFW and almost the entire surface of DHW. Additionally, Bell (1946) cites the following characters: antennal club gradually thickened, hooked, apiculus about as long as the rest of the club, tapering to a point; third segment of the palpus rather long, naked, divergent; FW of males with a costal fold; and hind tibiae with two pairs of spurs. Taxonomic discussion. Augiades was originally proposed for six species: Papilio crinisus Cramer, 1780 , Papilio arcalaus Stoll, 1782 , Papilio comma Linnaeus, 1758 , Papilio sylvanus Esper, 1777 , Papilio helirius Cramer 1775 , and Papilio euribates Stoll, 1782 . Butler (1870: 58) designated P. crinisus as the type species of the genus, as it was the first species listed by Hübner. Scudder (1872: 79) , however, disagreed with Butler and proposed P. sylvanus as the type species. Scudder’s decision was made because Stephens (1850) had previously restricted Augiades to P. sylvanus and P. comma , and the latter had already been designated as the type species of Pamphila Fabricius, 1807 by Westwood (1840, Synopsis: 88). Scudder’s nomenclatural decision led to the mistaken usage of Augiades for a Holarctic genus of Hesperiinae . This error was corrected by Hemming (1934) who proposed using Ochlodes Scudder, 1872 to house sylvanus and its Palearctic and Nearctic relatives. Afterwards, Evans re-characterized Ochlodes from the Palearctic ( Evans 1949: 350 ) and Nearctic regions ( Evans 1955: 301 , 341) and Augiades was restricted to the Neotropical region ( Evans 1952: 5 , 27). Identification key to Augiades males 1. FW with hyaline spots well developed; VHW always with a postdiscal orange area; valva strongly bifid distally ( Fig. 3A )............................................................................................... A. crinisus - FW usually without hyaline spots, if present, not well developed; VHW with or without a postdiscal orange area; valva shortly bifid distally ( Fig. 3D,G )............................................................................... 2 2. VHW always with a postdiscal orange area, and with a broad central dark brown band (as in A. crinisus ) A. vespasius bicolor - VHW without a conspicuously marked postdiscal area...................................... A. vespasius vespasius Identification key to Augiades females 1. VHW with an orange postdiscal area, with a broad central dark brown band, and with the marginal area dark brown; lamella antevaginalis with dorsal margin slightly serrated; lamella postvaginalis entirely sclerotized ( Fig. 4A ).......... A. crinisus - VHW with a faded yellow postdiscal area, with a broad central light brown band or with yellow-orange discal and postdiscal areas with remnants of a brown band in the postdiscal area, and the marginal area light brown; lamella antevaginalis with dorsal margin smooth; lamella postvaginalis sclerotized at median region ( Fig. 4B )...................................... 2 2. VHW with a faded yellow postdiscal area and with a broad central light brown band; VHW marginal area broader (at least almost half the size of the VHW); FW with or without hyaline spots............................ A. vespasius vespasius - VHW with yellow-orange discal and postdiscal area with remnants of a brown band in the postdical area; VHW marginal area slender (less than half size of the VHW); FW with hyaline spots................................. A. vespasius bicolor