From hell's heart I stab at thee! A determined approach towards a monophyletic Pteromalidae and reclassification of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) Author Burks, Roger https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-7939 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA burks.roger@gmail.com Author Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-7721 Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Fusu, Lucian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0819-026X Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania Author Heraty, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-5651 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Author Jansta, Petr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6409-3603 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Heydon, Steve Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA Author Papilloud, Natalie Dale-Skey https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-0386 Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London, UK Author Peters, Ralph S. Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany Author Tselikh, Ekaterina V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-043X Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Author Woolley, James B. Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA Author van Noort, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-9741 Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, PO Box 61, Cape Town 8000 South Africa & Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa Author Baur, Hannes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1360-3487 Department of Invertebrates, Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland & Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Author Cruaud, Astrid https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8932-4199 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France Author Darling, Christopher Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 2 C 6, Canada & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M 5 S 1 A 1, Canada Author Haas, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6869-6698 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany Author Hanson, Paul Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San Jose 11501 - 2060, Costa Rica Author Krogmann, Lars https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-1735 Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany & Institute of Biology, Biological Systematics (190 n) University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Author Rasplus, Jean-Yves https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6665 CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France text Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2022 2022-12-20 94 13 88 http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 journal article http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.94.94263 1314-2607-94-13 6CB807239A47403FABEC9AF8AE7F417F ADCFB8021287566FB2D7E8A8711D5CAE Storeyinae incertae sedis new placement Storeyinae Boucek , 1988. Type genus: Storeya Boucek , 1988. Diagnosis. Antenna with 8 flagellomeres, including an undivided clava; radicle elongate (Fig. 81 ). Intertorular prominence absent (Fig. 81 ). Eyes slightly divergent ventrally. Clypeus without transverse subapical groove. Labrum hidden behind clypeus, flexible, subrectangular and with marginal setae in a row. Mandibles with 3 teeth (may be 2 in some specimens in which it is difficult to see). Subforaminal bridge with a postgena separated by lower tentorial bridge. Notauli incomplete. Mesoscutellum with frenum indicated; with axillular sulcus. Mesopleural area without an expanded acropleuron; mesepimeron extending over anterior margin of metapleuron. Fore wing with a tuft of thickened leaf-shaped setae on the parastigma (Fig. 82 ). All legs with 5 tarsomeres; protibial spur stout and curved; basitarsal comb longitudinal. Metasoma with syntergum, therefore without epipygium. Discussion. Molecular and morphological data do not provide a clear signal on where this subfamily should be placed, and therefore we treat it as incertae sedis in Chalcidoidea . The elongate antennal radicle is an unusual feature also shared by its sister group ( Eopelma ) in molecular analyses and, in comparable taxa, is only found in Louriciinae . The enlarged axillula, easily visible dorsally, invites comparison with Colotrechninae and Sycophaginae in Pteromalidae , and with Hetreulophidae , although each of these groups differs from Storeyinae in having complete notauli and in many other features as well. The low placement of the toruli may cause Storeyinae to key near Spalangiinae in family keys, although the toruli are not on lobes and the two groups differ in many features. The body coloration (excepted for one undescribed iridescent species) and the tuft of thickened, leaf-shaped setae on the parastigma recall Cerocephalidae , although Storeyinae lack an intertorular prominence and are not placed with cerocephalids using molecular data.