The species of Eilema Hübner, [1819] sensu lato present in Europe and North Africa (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) Author Macià, Ramon 0000-0002-2166-1540 Corresponding author rmaciavila@gmail.com Author Ylla, Josep 0000-0001-7280-9421 Author Gastón, Javier 0000-0003-3382-3874 Author Huertas, Manuel 0000-0002-6758-1984 Apartado de Correos 47, 21080 Huelva, Spain. huertasdionisio @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6758 - 1984 huertasdionisio@gmail.com Author Bau, Josep 0000-0002-9231-2356 Biosciences Department, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, 08500, Vic, Spain. josep. bau @ uvic. cat; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 9231 - 2356 josep.bau@uvic.cat text Zootaxa 2022 2022-10-03 5191 1 1 87 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1 journal article 157785 10.11646/zootaxa.5191.1.1 b8beacf0-8401-4c8b-8b7e-8e97dc1a199e 1175-5326 7144073 B66F9DFC-3BF3-42CA-B08F-F983FD615F4E Eilema caniola caniola (Hübner, [1808]) Original Combination: Bombyx caniola Hübner, [1808] , Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge Bomb.: 126 [“Ziefer”-text], pl. 51, fig. 220. T. L.: Austria . Material examined. SPAIN : ALICANTE: 2 ♂ and 1♀ , Parque Natural Salinas de Sta. Pola , Santa Pola , 8 m , 4.x.2002 , R . Macià &. J. Ylla leg. ; ALMERÍA : 10 ♂ and 7 ♀ , Tabernas , 454 m , 5.vi.1997 , 18.x.1998 , 23.iv.2001 , 20.iv.2007 , R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 3 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Cala Panizo , Pozo del Esparto , 26 m , 30SXG13, 21.iv.2007 , R . Macià leg. ; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Sierra Cabrera , Turre , 230 m , 11.iv.2006 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 2 ♂ , Rio Aguas , Turre , 102 m , 30SWG91, 21.v.2012 , R . Macià leg. ; 3 ♂ , Collado del Romeral , Huebro , 834 m , 30SWF69, 4.v.2011 , R . Macià leg. ; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀ , Mojacár playa, 15 m , 23.x.2000 , R . Macià leg. ; Palomares , 25 m , 15.x.1998 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 4 ♂ , Cabo de Gata , Las Negras , 15 m , 19.x.1998 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; ÁVILA : 5 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Sierra de Ávila , Amavida , 1450 m , 24.vi.2001 , 14.ix.2004 , R . Macià & J.Ylla leg. ; BARCELONA: 12 ♂ and 5 ♀ , Vespella , Gurb , 582 m , 5.viii.2003 , 29.viii.2008 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 5 ♂ and 3 ♀ , Els Munts , St. Agustí de Lluçanès , 1057 m , 6.ix.2001 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀ , La Ricarda , El Prat de Llobregat , 10 m , 23.v.2003 , R . Macià leg. ; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀ , Coll d´Heures, Collsuspina , 1010 m , 31TDG32, 2.vi.1990 , 17.vi.1993 , 21.viii.2013 , R . Macià leg. ; 2 ♂ , Mas El Bruguer , Sau 550 m , 20.v.2006 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 21 ♂ and 11 ♀ , Hospitalet de Llobregat , 8 m , 9.ix.1920 , A. Aguilar leg. in coll. MCNB .; 20 ♂ and 13 ♀ , Vallvidrera , 362 m , 15.ix.1921 , 19.v.1922 , 28.ix.1922 , I. Sagarra leg. in coll. MCNB .; 8 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Sant Pere de Vilamajor , 305 m , 1.x.2014 , I. Sagarra leg. in col. MCNB .; 4 ♂ , La Roca , Taradell , 620 m , 17.viii.1993 , R . Macià leg. ; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Vespella , Gurb , 606 m , 31 TDG34 , 21.ix.1995 , 1.vi.2013 , R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; BIZKAIA: 5 ♂ , Algorta , 50 m , 2.vii.1977 , 15.ix.1986 , J. Gastón leg. : 1 ♂ , Mendiondo , Urdúliz , 25.viii.1982 . J. Gastón leg. : 3 ♀ , Lendoño Goikoa , 460 m , 5.viii.2006 , J. Gastón leg. ; BURGOS: 1 ♂ , San Marín de Don , 850 m , 6.ix.1986 , J. Gastón leg. ; 1♀ , Santuario de Cantoy , 500 m , 17.viii.1985 , J. Gastón leg. ; 3 ♂ , La Vid , 954 m , 30.viii.2003 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; CÁCERES: 5 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Losar de la Vera , 542 m , 4.v.1996 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; Sierra de Guadalupe , Berzocana , 594 m , 5.v.1994 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 2 ♀ , Pozuelo de Zarzón , 466 m , 7.v.1994 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; CASTELLÓN: 6 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Serra del Turmell , Vallibona , 1100 m , 4.vi.2007 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 2 ♂ , Vilanova d´ Alcolea , 400 m , 13.v.2008 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Torre la Sal , Cabanes , 25 m , 29.ix.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 4 ♂ and 6 ♀ , Torreblanca , 3 m , 31TBE54, 23.v.2014 , R . Macià leg. ; GIRONA: 5 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Font Home Mort , Queralbs , 1220 m , 31TDG39, 26.viii.2000 , 22.ix.2006 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 3 ♂ , Calella de Palafrugell , 20 m , 11.x.1998 , R . Macià leg. ; 2 ♂ , Pals , 16 m , 4.ix.1995 , R . Macià leg. ; 2 ♂ , St. Joan de les Abadesses , 773 m , 12.ix.1994 , R . Macià leg. ; 3 ♂ , Urb. Vall Repòs , Sta. Cristina d´Aro, 320 m , 3.vii.2005 , R . Macià leg. ; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀ , La Sala , Viladrau , 821 m , 30.ix.1921 , S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB .; GRANADA: 3 ♂ and 1 ♀ , Sierra de las Albuñuelas , 1285 m , 3.vi.2003 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 5 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Cúllar-Baza , 960 m , 3.x.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 4 ♂ and 3 ♀ , Cortijo Camacho , Benamaurel , 853 m , 30SWG36, 7.x.2013 , R . Macià leg.; 7 ♂ and 4 ♀ , Barranco de Mazarra , Baza , 727 m , 30SWG25, 10.x.2015 , R . Macià leg.; 5 ♂ , Cortijo del Carmen , Fonelas , 810 m , 30SVG84, 10.vi.2016 , R . Macià leg.; 2 ♂ and 3 ♀ , La Bernadilla , Vélez de Benaudalla , 92 m , 30SVF57, 16.v.2018 , R . Macià leg.; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ , La Bernardilla , 100 m , 11.iv.1995 , 13.vi.1994 , J. Gastón leg.; HUESCA: 15 ♂ , 18 ♀ , Villanueva de Sigena , 238 m , 8.x.1996 , 22.viii.1997 , 9..1999, 24.viii.2001 , 27.iv.2002 , 9.v.2004 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 10 ♂ and 8 ♀ , Valcuerna , Candasnos , 283 m , 5.x.1994 , 2.v.1996 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ Ontiñena , 215 m , 29.ix.1991 , 25.ix.1992 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg.; 1 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Peñalba , 254 m , 10.x.2004 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg.; HUELVA: 12 ♂ and 9 ♀ , El Abalario , 60 m , 11.x.1999 , 2.x.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg.; JAÉN: 3 ♂ , Arroyo Frio , Cazorla , 810 m , 30.iv.2008 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; LEÓN : 1 ♀ , Mirantes de Luna , 1200 m , 8.ix.2007 , J. Gastón leg. ; 5 ♂ , Las Médulas , 725 m , 21.vii.2005 , R . Macià leg. ; LLEIDA: 3 ♂ , Llosa del Cadí , Tuixén , 1431 m , 31 TCC87 , 21.viii.2014 , R . Macià leg. ; 12 ♂ and 5 ♀ , Anglesola , 335 m , 19.ix.1920 , P. Mata leg. in coll. MCNB .; 2 ♂ , Tàrrega , 3.ix.1920 , P. Mata leg. in coll. MCNB .; SORIA : Calatañazor , 1080 m , 12.ix.2005 , R. Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; LA RIOJA : 4 ♂ and 6 ♀ , Ortigosa de Cameros , 1069 m , 30TWM26, 27.vii.2018 , R . Macià leg. ; TARRAGONA: 5 ♂ , Tivenys , 16 m , 23.iv.2001 , R . Macià leg. ; 2 ♂ , Ports de Tortosa , 1320 m , 18.viii.1921 , S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB .; 1 ♂ , Montcaro , 1400 m , 8.viii.1921 , S. Novellas leg. in coll. MCNB .; TERUEL: 5 ♂ and 3 ♀ , Puntal del Ahorcado , Moscardón , 1446 m , 30TXK26, 4.ix.2013 , R . Macià leg. ; La Losilla , Albarracín , 1015 m , 27.viii.1995 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; VALENCIA : 3 ♂ , Serra d´Enguera, Molló de Picapins , Moixent , 780 m , 30SXJ80, 10.v.2015 , 12.x.2015 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 3 ♂ and 3 ♀ , Barracas , 1150 m , 9.x.2010 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; ZAMORA: 4 ♂ , Monte la Reina , 650 m , 31.viii.2003 , R . Macià & J.Ylla leg. ; 3 ♂ , Venialbo , Toro , 750 m , 30TTL88, 30.v.2008 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Sierra de la Culebra , Ferreras , 850 m , 23.vi.2001 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; ZARAGOZA: 14 ♂ and 13 ♀ , Montes de la Retuerta , El Ciervo , 380 m , 25.ix.1998 , 18.ix.1999 , 24.ix.2000 , 23.v.2003 , 15.ix.2004 , R . Macià & J.Ylla leg. ; 6 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Montes de Castejón , 685 m , 28.v.1998 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. FRANCE : 4 ♂ and 2 ♀ Nohèdes , Pirineus Orientals , 980 m , 11.vi.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 4 ♂ and 2 ♀ , Guillestres , Vars , Provenza-Alpes , 1200 m , 28.vii.1994 , R . Macià & J.Ylla leg. ; 3 ♂ , Val d´Ese, Còrcega , 1700 m , 11.vii.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ , Corte , Còrcega , 450 m , 9.vii.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 2 ♂ , Bilia , Còrcega , 425 m , 13.vii.2002 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. MOROCCO : 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ Maison Forestier , Taffert , Taza (Marroc), 2100 m , 2.vi.2000 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. ; 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ 2 Km. Este de Midar , prov. de Driouch (Marroc), 450 m , 30SVD46, 26.v.2017 , R . Macià & J. Ylla leg. PORTUGAL : 2 ♂ and 1 ♀ , Carvoeiro , Algarve , 10 m , 29SNB40, 4.x.2018 , R . Macià leg. Diagnosis. Nominotypical caniola is characterized by pale wings, often ash grey with a fine silky sheen and a weakly expressed ochreous costal stripe. Vertex and forehead yellow or light orange; hindwings light whitish grey or ochre-grey; underside of the forewings of males without androconia, underside dorsally with a weak greyish diffusion. Identification of Eilema caniola caniola on external morphology is not always easy and this species can often be confused with other species of Eilema sensu lato , but it is easily identifiable from the genitalia. Re-description: Imago ( Figs. 1–2 ). Average wingspan males 32.4 mm (n=10; 26–36 mm ); average wingspan female 29.7 mm (n=10; 25–32 mm ). Genitalia ( Fig. 49 ). Male and female genitalia: taking into account that Eilema is a monotypic genus, the description that has already been given for the genus holds as valid. Immature stages ( Fig. 75 ). The last instar larva has an average length of 21 mm . Cephalic capsule dark brown, with a smooth vertex. Setae very short with verrucae D1 and D2 dark, SD 1 dark grey and L2 and L3 orange or yellow; dorsal line wide and dark, bordered by a narrow whitish to light grey line. Between D2 and SD 1, a band with grey and black spots, mixed with orange and yellow. Pupa light brown, smooth, somewhat translucent, stylized and glabrous; clypeus short, tip of abdomen rounded, without cremaster. In pupa of male, the antennae and proboscis reach the tip of the wings, and are shorter in females. The very light silken cocoon is woven in any corner. Molecular data The samples of Eilema caniola caniola collected in the mainland form a compact group within this species’ clade, (within-group TN-dist=0.22%, n=7), while the samples from the Balearic Islands corresponding to subspecies torstenii are slightly separate from such cluster. Biology. Bivoltine or even trivoltine species, continuously on the wing from May to October, even until November in some southern locations. It inhabits all types of environments, although it seems to favour those with xerothermic characteristics, at altitudes from sea level to about 1800 m . The imagos are nocturnal, and both males and females come to artificial light. Larvae feed on lichens, but they may also eat leaves and flowers of various Fabaceae ( Genista , Lotus , Trifolium , and Anthyllis ) ( Ylla et al. 2010 ). In captivity the larvae can thrive with artificial diet. Distribution ( Fig. 95 ). Holomediterranean. Present in northern Africa, western, central and southern Europe and Asia Minor , and also in the large Mediterranean islands. It occurs throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Observations. We consider that the taxon Eilema caniola gibrati (Oberthür, 1980) does not differ from nominotypical caniola either in internal and external morphology or in genetic traits.