Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae Author Wilson, Don E. Author Reeder, DeeAnn text 2005 The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2 955 1189 book chapter 0-8018-8221-4 10.5281/zenodo.7316535 Myodes rutilus (Pallas 1779) [Mus] rutilus Pallas 1779 , Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.: 246 . Type Locality: Russia , Siberia, center of Ob River delta. Vernacular Names: Northern Red-backed Vole . Synonyms: Myodes alascensis (Miller 1898) ; Myodes albiventer ( Hall and Gilmore 1932 ) ; Myodes amurensis (Schrenk 1859) ; Myodes baikalensis (Ognev 1924) ; Myodes dawsoni (Merriam 1888) ; Myodes dorogostaiskii (Vinogradov 1933) ; Myodes finmarchius (Siivonen 1967) ; Myodes glacialis ( Orr 1945 ) ; Myodes hintoni (Vinogradov 1933) ; Myodes hintoni (Zolotarev 1936) ; Myodes insularis (Heller 1910) ; Myodes jacutensis (Vinogradov 1927) ; Myodes jochelsoni (J. A. Allen 1903) ; Myodes laticeps (Ognev 1924) ; Myodes latigriseus (Argyropulo and Afanasiev 1939) ; Myodes lenaensis (Koljuschev 1936) ; Myodes mikado (Thomas 1905) ; Myodes mollessonae (Kastschenko 1910) ; Myodes narymensis (Argyropulo and Afanasiev 1939) ; Myodes orca (Merriam 1900) ; Myodes otus (Turov 1924) ; Myodes parvidens (Ognev 1924) ; Myodes platycephalus (Manning 1957) ; Myodes rjabovi (Beljaeva 1953) ; Myodes rossicus (Dukelsky 1928) ; Myodes russatus (Radde 1862) ; Myodes salairicus (Egorin 1936) ; Myodes tugarinovi (Vinogradov 1933) ; Myodes tundrensis (Bolshakov and Schwarz 1965) ; Myodes uralensis (Vinogradov 1933) ; Myodes uralensis (Koljusch 1936) ; Myodes vinogradovi (Naumov 1933) ; Myodes volgensis (Kaplanov and Raevsky 1928) ; Myodes washburni (Hanson 1952) ; Myodes watsoni ( Orr 1945 ) . Distribution: Holarctic—in Old World, from N Scandinavia east to Chukotski Peninsula, and south to N Kazakhstan , Transbaikalia, Mongolia , N China ( NW Xinjiang in the west, Nei Mongol and Ningxia in northcentral, and Jilin and Heilongjiang in the northeast; Zhang et al., 1997 ), extreme N Korean Peninsula ( Won and Smith, 1999 ), and Sakhalin and Hokkaido Isls ( Dobson, 1994 ; Henttonen and Peiponen, 1982 ; Nikanorov, 2000 ); St. Lawrence Isl, Bering Sea; in New World, from Alaska east to Hudson Bay, and south to N Alaska Panhandle, N British Columbia , and NE Manitoba , Canada . Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc). Discussion: Conspecificity of Old ( rutilus ) and New World ( dawsoni ) populations advanced by Rausch (1953) and corroborated by subsequent studies (e.g., Nadler et al., 1976 , 1978; Rausch and Rausch, 1975 a ). Phylogenetic interpretation of allozymes indicates that M. rutilus is most closely related to M. gapperi , the two forming a monophyletic group along with M. glareolus and M. centralis but excluding M. rufocanus ( Mezhzherin and Serbenyuk, 1992 ) . Analyses of autosomes ( Iwasa et al., 1999 b ) and mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA ( Suzuki et al., 1999 b ; Wakana et al., 1996 ) also emphasize the phyletic distance between M. rutilus and M. rufocanus and its allies ( M. andersoni , M. smithii , M. rex , M. regulus ). North American populations revised, as Clethrionomys dawsoni , by Orr (1945) , and, as C. rutilus by Manning (1956) . European populations reviewed by Henttonen and Peiponen (1982) and Mitchell-Jones et al. (1999) ; those in Russia and adjacent regions by Gromov and Erbajeva (1995) . M3 variation and its systematic implications evaluated by Nakatsu (1982) for Japanese populations. Iwasa et al. (1999 b ) contrasted the sex chromosomes and pachytene synapses of Hokkaido M. rutilus with Hokkaido M. rufocanus and Japanese species of Eothenomys (here = Myodes ); karyotypes of M. rutilus and M. rufocanus from Hokkaido are essentially identical and closely resemble mainland species of Myodes ( Obara et al., 1995 ) . Phylogeography of M. rutilus in NE Asia, and comparisons with M. rufocanus which has a similar geographic range, assessed by mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences ( Iwasa et al., 2002 ). Occurrence on the Svjatoj Nos peninsula and isthmus in Lake Baikal documented by Reiter et al. (1995) . In Hokkaido , Japan , M. rutilus occurs with M. rufocanus and M. rex (see those accounts and that of M. gapperi ) .