Additions to the taxonomy of New World Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Author Longino, J. T. text Zootaxa 2009 2181 1 90 http://hol.osu.edu/reference-full.html?id=22820 journal article 22820 Pheidole vorax Formica vorax Fabricius, 1804: 412 . Lectotype and two paralectotype queens, here designated: Central America [ ZMUC ] (images examined). Roger, 1863: 30 : combination in Aphaenogaster . Emery, 1915: 69 : combination in Pheidole . Pheidole cephalica Smith , F. 1858:177, pl. 9, figs. 21-23. Syntype major, minor worker: Brazil, Amazonas, Tunantins (Bates) [ BMNH ] (not examined). New Synonymy. Pheidole opaca Mayr, 1862: 749 . Syntype major, minor worker: Brazil, "Im Gebiete des Amazonenstromes" [Amazonian region] (M. C. Vienn) (not examined). Forel, 1899: 69 : description of queen. Borgmeier, 1934: 97 : description of queen. Kempf, 1965: 183 : junior synonym of P. cephalica . New Synonymy. Pheidole opaca var. incrustata Forel, 1908: 59 . Syntype minor worker: Costa Rica, Tuis (Pittier) [ MHNG ] (examined). Kempf, 1972: 188 : subspecies of P. cephalica . Wilson, 2003: 674 : junior synonym of P. cephalica . New Synonymy. Pheidole opaca subsp. sarrita Forel, 1908: 59 . Syntype minor worker: Costa Rica, Surubres, near San Mateo (Biolley) [ MHNG ] (examined). Kempf, 1972: 188 : subspecies of P. cephalica . Wilson, 2003: 674 : junior synonym of P cephalica . New Synonymy. Pheidole opaca subsp. apterostigmoides Weber, 1943: 71 , fig. 3. Syntype major, minor worker: Trinidad, Basin Hill Forest Reserve, 1 Apr 1935 (Weber) (not examined). Kempf, 1972: 188 : subspecies of P. cephalica . Wilson, 2003: 674 : junior synonym of P. cephalica . New Synonymy. Geographic Range Mainland Neotropics from southern Mexico to Amazon basin and Bolivia. Biology This species occurs in wet to moist forest habitats. It nests in dead wood on or near the ground. Workers recruit to dead insects and other baits, and also harvest seeds. Large seed caches can be found in nests. Wilson (1987) demonstrated that minor workers were extremely sensitive to the presence of standing water. Even a few drops in the nest of a laboratory colony caused it to immediately evacuate the nest. Comments Three syntype queens are in the Fabricius collection at the Natural History Museum of Denmark. Dr. L. Vilhelmsen provided images and measurements of the queens, and they match in every respect Smith's P. cephalica . This is a widespread and distinctive species without closely similar species with which it might be confused, so the synonymy seems secure. One of the queens has a type label, based on the informal "typification" carried out by Zimsen (1964) . At the recommendation of L. Vilhelmsen, curator of the collection, the specimen with the type label is formally designated Lectotype in this paper. There is geographic variation in sculpture and color. In Costa Rica, minor workers from Corcovado National Park in the southern Pacific lowlands have the face and mesosoma evenly foveolate, overlain with relatively weak rugae, and the color is light orange. Specimens from near Monteverde on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Tilaran have the face and mesosoma with coarse, abundant, reticulate rugae, these overlying a largely smooth and shining integument, and the color is light orange. This form matches closely the subspecies P. incrustata . Specimens from the Penas Blancas Valley, a short distance east of Monteverde on the Atlantic slope, are very similar but the color is darker red orange. Specimens from La Selva Biological Station and elsewhere in the Atlantic lowlands have the coarsely rugose sculpture of Monteverde specimens, but increasing underlying foveolation on the mesosoma, like the Corcovado specimens, and the color is darker red orange. This form matches the subspecies P. sarrita .