Revision and phylogenetics of the genus Paraulax Kieffer (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) with biological notes and description of a new tribe, a new genus, and five new species Author Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis Author Liljeblad, Johan Author Nieves, María Hernández Author Grez, Audrey Author Nylander, Johan A. A. text Zootaxa 2009 2200 1 40 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.189597 acb81881-e081-4a44-ba62-8eb17cb79740 1175-5326 189597 AC41ACF9-2D19-45A2-96DE-16470E7D9C7F Paraulax Kieffer, 1904 Paraulax Kieffer, 1904: 59 . Type species: Paraulax perplexa Kieffer, 1904: 60 , by original designation. Note. As was pointed out by Rohwer & Fagan (1919) , the description of Paraulax was duplicated in Kieffer, 1904b: 43, being impossible to determine which has priority. However Neave (1940) : 605, gave the first reference above as valid that is here accepted. Diagnosis. Similar to Cecinothofagus in general appearance, but separated by the following character states: face without a distinct median vertical carina ( Fig. 2 A); facial strigae radiating from clypeus laterally present also medially, reaching ventral margin of antennal socket ( Fig. 2 A). Ventral part of clypeus slightly projecting over mandibles ( Fig. 2 A). Last flagellomere of the female antenna 3 times longer than wide ( Fig. 2 D); more than 2.5 times as long as penultimate. F2 and F3 of male antenna modified ( Fig. 2 E). Dorsolateral margin of pronotal plate strongly projecting laterally ( Fig. 2 H). Notauli straight, strongly converging and close posteriorly, almost as wide as anteriorly ( Fig. 2 I). Separation of notauli at the meeting of the transcutal fissure relatively short 0.2–0.3 times compared to separation at anterior margin of mesoscutum. Scutellar foveae sometimes indicated, albeit shallow ( Fig. 2 I). Sculpture present dorsal to mesopleural impression ( Fig. 2 G). Claws with an acute basal lobe or tooth; about 1/3 to ¼ length of apical tooth ( Fig. 3 D). Projecting part of hypopygial spine relatively long, 4 times longer than wide ( Fig. 3 G). Redescription. Head. Some scattered setae along face, gena and occiput dorsally. Gena not expanded behind compound eye. Vertical median carina absent; strong facial strigae radiating from clypeus, laterally reaching ventral margin of eye, medially almost reaching torulus; Frons and vertex with coriaceous sculpture. Clypeus indistinct, ventral margin slightly projecting over mandibles. Subocular impression present though not well marked ( Fig. 1 A). gena with 5–7 regular vertical carinae present ventrolaterally ( Fig. 4 B). Anterior tentorial pits visible; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal lines indistinct. Occiput without dorsal occipital carina ( Fig. 2 B); some strong longitudinal rugae present on lateral margin of head, but without a distinct genal carina. Hypostomal sulci meeting slightly before hypostoma. Antenna. Female with 10 flagellomeres; flagellum widening towards apex ( Fig. 2 C); Placodeal sensilla visible on F7–F10 ( Fig. 2 D). Apical flagellomere spindle-shaped, not apically truncate. Male with 13 flagellomeres. Flagellum not widening towards apex. F1 cylindrical, F2 and F3 excavated and curved in basal third ( Fig. 2 F). Placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres except F1. Pronotum. Pronotal plate distinct, dorsal part distinctly set off, with anterolateral margins marked and moderately projecting laterally. Admedian pronotal depressions widely separated ( Fig. 2 H). Lateral surface of pronotum coriaceous, some strong, short rugae running from the lateral margin of pronotal plate ( Fig. 2 G). Mesoscutum with weak coriaceous sculpture, more marked on lateral lobes. Mesoscutal pubescence comprised of some sparse setae. Median mesoscutal impression absent. Notauli complete, straight and narrow, converging posteriorly ( Figs. 2 I & 4C). Anteroadmedian signa visible. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum separated by a narrow transscutal fissure. Scutellar foveae indistinct, visible only as a shallow depression with some rugae ( Figs. 2 I & 4C). Scutellum, in dorsal view with strong rugae. Posterodorsal and posterior margins of axillula distinct. Mesopleuron ventrally of mesopleural triangle with a marked longitudinal mesopleural impression, more or less complete, ending at margin of mesopleural triangle ( Fig. 2 G). Above furrow with some irregular longitudinal striae and coriaceous sculpture ( Figs. 2 G & 4B). Mesopleuron smooth below mesopleural impression. Metascutellum distinctly constricted medially. Metapectal-propodeal complex. Metapleural sulcus meeting posterior margin of mesopectus at about mid height of metapectal-propodeal complex ( Fig. 2 G). Lateral propodeal carinae narrow, parallel ( Fig. 3 A). Lateral and median propodeal areas smooth, pubescent. Nucha dorsally with some irregular longitudinal rugae. Legs. Profemur with a ventral swelling in basal third, with 4–5 rows of sharp closely spaced, deep costulae ( Figs. 3 B & 3C). Metatarsal claws with a basal acute lobe or tooth ( Figs. 3 D & 4D). Forewing. Radial cell closed along anterior margin; R1 slightly depigmented along radial cell ( Figs. 3 E & 4H); areolet absent; vein Rs+M and M almost invisible, directed towards lower half of median vein. Fringe of long setae along apical margin of wing. Female metasoma laterally compressed ( Fig. 2 F). Abdominal petiole smooth dorsally, ventrally with deep longitudinal grooves, about as long as high. T2 smooth and shining, covering about 2/3 of metasoma; anteromedian area of T2 with only 4–5 long setae ( Figs. 2 F & 4A). Projecting part of hypopygial spine 4 times as long as high; apical pubescence projecting beyond apex, subapical setae longer than apical ones, forming a small tuft ( Figs. 3 G & 4E). Included species Paraulax perplexa Kieffer, 1904 . Types lost. A neotype here designated. P. queulensis sp. n. P. ronquisti sp. n. Distribution. Chile , as far as we know, and as here defined, the species of Paraulax occur in the VI to X regions of Chile , in Nothofagus forest habitats, mainly N. obliqua , roughly extending from Santiago to Villarrica ( Fig. 15 ). Biology. Unknown. Adults were captured in Nothofagus forests, probably associated with galls induced by species of Aditrochus (Pteromalidae) on Nothofagus obliqua . Remarks. Closely related to Cecinothofagus , the sister genus within the Paraulacini . Although many characters are shared with Cecinothofagus , the two genera are readily separated as detailed in the diagnosis and the key for identification.