Revision of the Amazonian species of Syneches Walker (Diptera, Hybotidae, Hybotinae) Author Menezes, Isis Sá Author Ale-Rocha, Rosaly text Zootaxa 2016 4103 5 401 442 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.4103.5.1 115d177c-b34a-4062-b3d5-8f0ee0374e61 1175-5326 267788 4511286D-451E-4C2B-9CE3-5D7621E7DEDF Syneches Walker Syneches Walker, 1852 : 165 . Type-species: Syneches simplex Walker 1852 (by monotypy). Melander, 1965 : 448 (catalog); Smith, 1967 : 9 ; 1969: 84; 1977: 190; 1980: 435; 1989: 389 (catalogs); Wilder, 1974 : 1 (review); Chvála, 1983 : 104 (citation); Chvála & Kovalev, 1989 : 184 (catalog). Pterospilus Rondani, 1856 : 152 . Type-species: Asilus muscarius Fabricius, 1794 (monotype). Melander, 1928 : 38 (synonymy). Harpamerus Bigot, 1859 : 306. Type-species: Harpamerus signatus Bigot (by monotypy). Bezzi 1904 : 329 (as subgenus); Sinclair, 2011 : 359 (synonymy). Epiceia Walker, 1860 : 149 . Type species: Epiceia ferruginea Walker (by monotypy). Bezzi 1904 : 329 (as subgenus). Parahybos Kertész, 1899 : 176 . Type-species: Parahybos iridipennis Kertész, 1899 (by monotypy). Frey, 1953 : 67 (as subgenus); Smith, 1977 : 188 (catalog); 1980: 434 (catalog); 1989: 389 (catalog, synonymy). Diagnosis . Specimens varying from 2.0 to 7.5 mm in length; upper facets distinctly larger than lower; head hemispherical, males and females holoptic; postcranium with pruinescence; proboscis elongate, somewhat longer than head width (in lateral view), labellum strongly sclerotized, lacking pseudotracheae; postpedicel oval, usually short (long in S. longiflagellatus ), with one or more dorsal setae; stylus hair-like, apical or dorsoapical, long, usually more than three times length of postpedicel, apex bare; palpus setose, shorter than proboscis, with developed apical seta; two pairs of ocellar setae; frons flat and oblique; postcranium concave, with distinct postocellar sclerite; thorax pruinose, scutum usually strongly arched; one or more pairs of dc setae and/or developed acr setae on prescutellar disc; wing broad with developed anal lobe and pterostigma often distinct; vein Rs long, arising before level of basal half of cell br; cell cu p almost as long as or slightly longer than bm; tergite 8 of male with large membranous central area reaching posterior margin; male terminalia symmetrical or nearly so, rotated 45–90º to the right; surstylus not articulated. Distribution . Cosmopolitan.