World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups Author Buffington, Matthew L. Systematic EntomologyLaboratory, ARS-USDAc / oNational Museumof NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution, 10 th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20013, USA, matt.buffington@usda.gov Author Forshage, Mattias Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden, Author Liljeblad, Johan Swedish Species Information Centre, PO Box 7007, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Author Tang, Chang-Ti Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, SEH, Suite 6300, 800 22 nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA, Author Noort, Simon van Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa, text Insect Systematics and Diversity 2020 2020-07-01 4 4 1 1 69 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003 journal article 10.1093/isd/ixaa003 2399-3421 Pycnostigminae Figs. 274 –279 This charismatic and poorly known figitid group has a unique vein structure in the forewing; the veins of the marginal cell are heavily expanded, nearly closing the marginal cell, resulting in a pseudopterostigma. The only known metallic-colored figitid ( Pycnostigmus mastersonae ) belongs to the pycnostigmines. Their biology is unknown; all known specimens have been passively collected in Malaise traps Biology. Hosts unknown. Distribution. Afrotropical and Palearctic; most species from Western Cape Province , RSA . Rarely collected in arid southern Palearctic (North Africa and Southwest Asia). Plate 27. Thrasorinae . Figs. 280, 283, and 285, Myrtopsen mimosae , USNMENT 01525867. Figs. 281 and 284, Scutimica sp. , USNMENT01231860. Fig. 282, Thrasorus pilosus Weld, 1944 ,USNMENT01231876. Relevant literature. Buffington and van Noort (2007) revised the genus. Buffington et al. (2007, 2012) investigated the phylogeny of the group. Classification. Pycnostigminae Cameron, 1905 Pycnostigmus Cameron, 1905 ; 5 species South Africa Trjapitziniola Kovalev, 1995 ; 2 species Southwest Asia Tylosema Kieffer, 1905 ; 3 species South and North Africa