Integration or minimalism: twenty-one new species of ghost spiders (Anyphaenidae: Anyphaena) from Mexico Author Rivera-Quiroz, F. Andrés 970DAA18-987A-4819-BE46-A3D399F77409 Understanding Evolution Research Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, the Netherlands. Laboratorio de Aracnología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal, México Ciudad Universitaria, México D. F. Del. Coyoacán, C. P. 04510, Mexico. andres.riveraquiroz@naturalis.nl Author Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando 0B5D4EFE-71E9-4C44-AF70-98C2E7BB37E6 fap@ciencias.unam.mx text European Journal of Taxonomy 2023 2023-04-25 865 1 94 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2023.865.2097 journal article 53278 10.5852/ejt.2023.865.2097 3a63a183-743e-4185-8fdc-1080072ada0a 2118-9773 7867448 845BAE1A-0E6E-484B-BE6D-17F866777B51 Anyphaena porta sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F69F982D-2304-4E29-B8F0-F9E66CF24314 Figs 39–41 , 52 Differential diagnosis Females of A. porta sp. nov. can be differentiated from females of all described species of Anyphaena of the pacifica and pectorosa groups by the lateral borders of the epigynum being long and parallel, simulating a pair of lengthy doors slightly open with the hood as the door upper frame. Copulatory ducts weakly sclerotized, path bent 180° at the hood, making two loops ( Figs 39E–F , 40E–F , 41G–H ). Similar epigynum shapes are shared with A. salgueiroi sp. nov. and A. ibarrai sp. nov. , but differ, respectively, from A. porta sp. nov. by the almost closed atrium borders ( Fig. 42E ) and the copulatory ducts being heavily sclerotized ( Fig. 43F ). Males have a broad ventral tegular projection with the prolateral edge enlarged, a retrolateral rectangular transparent edge, and two small apical apophyses ( Figs 40A , 41A ). Distal edge of median apophysis bifurcated, ventral extension the largest and hook-shaped in ventral view ( Figs 40A , 41A ), dorsal extension translucent and hook-shaped in retrolateral view ( Figs 40D , 41D ). RTA anterior branch acute, RTA posterior branch tip C-shaped ( Figs 40B–D , 41B–D ). Coxae II to IV with broad and flat ventral tubercles ( Fig. 41E–F ). Similar broad ventral tegular projections are found in A. pectorosa ( Platnick 1974 : figs 51, 55, 59; Dondale & Redner 1982 : fig. 327), A. bermudensis Sierwald, 1988 ( Sierwald 1988 : fig. 1) and A. zorynae Durán-Barrón, Pérez & Brescovit, 2016 ( Durán-Barrón et al. 2016 : figs 5–6, 9), these last two species with coxae unarmed and with small tubercles, respectively. Fig. 39. Anyphaena porta sp. nov. A–C . Holotype, ♀ (CNAN-T01534). E–F . Paratype, ♀ (CNAN-T01564). A . Dorsal habitus. B . Lateral habitus. C . Ventral habitus. D . Prosoma, anterior view. E . Epigynum ventral. F . Epigynum ventral cleared. Scale bars:A–C=1.0 mm; D =0.5 mm; E–F =0.2 mm. Etymology The species epithet refers to the Spanish words ‘ portón ’ or ‘ puerta ’, referring to the door-shaped epigynum atrium, a feature diagnostic of this species. Material examined Holotype MEXICO • ♀ ; Veracruz , Calcahualco , Atotonilco , Plot II; 19.29483° N , 97.2045° W ; alt. 2388 m ; 15–24 Feb. 2013 ; Arcanolab team leg.; oak and pine forest fragment; CRP ; CNAN-T01534 . Fig. 40. Anyphaena porta sp. nov. A–D . Paratype, ♂ (CNAN-T01563). E–F . Paratype, ♀ (CNAN- T01565). A . Pedipalp, ventral view. B . Pedipalp, prolateral view. C . Pedipalp, dorsal view. D . Pedipalp, retrolateral view. E . Epigynum, ventral view. F . Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. Allotype MEXICO • ♂ ; Veracruz , Calcahualco , Atotonilco , Plot I; 19.12569° N , 97.06756° W ; alt. 2300 m ; 21– 30 May 2012 ; oak forest fragment; LUP ; AR_066; GenBank: ON619626 ; CNAN-T01517 . Paratypes MEXICO • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for holotype; BEAT ; AR_077; GenBank: ON619656 ; CNAN-T01565 • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for holotype; 21–30 May 2012 ; AR_065; GenBank: ON619625 ; CNAN-T01563 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; BEAT ; AR_027; GenBank: ON619643 ; CNAN-T01564 . Additional material MEXICO • 8 ♀♀ ; 6 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for allotype; 15–24 Feb. 2013 ; BEAT • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; AR_029; GenBank: ON619644 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; CRP • 8 ♀♀ , 7 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; LUP • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; AR_030; GenBank: ON619645 • 1 ♀ , 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; 21–30 May 2012 ; BEAT • 2 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; LUP • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; 4–14 Oct. 2012 ; BEAT • 17 ♀♀ , 9 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for holotype; BEAT • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; AR_067; GenBank: ON619627 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; AR_078; GenBank: ON619657 • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; BERL • 5 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; CRP • 42 ♀♀ , 37 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding • 2 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; ANYM016 • 2 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; ANYM017 • 3 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; ANYM018 • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; PF • 8 ♀♀ , 3 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; 21–30 May 2012 ; BEAT • 1 ♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; BERL • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; CRP • 7 ♀♀ , 3 ♂♂ ; same collection data as for preceding; LUP • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; 4–14 Oct. 2012 ; BEAT • 1 ♀ ; same collection data as for preceding; LUP • 1 ♀ ; Calcahualco , Atotonilco , Xamaticpac , Plot I; 19.14172° N , 97.20597° W ; alt. 1710 m ; 19–27 Apr. 2013 ; Aracnolab team leg.; oak and tropical wet forest fragment; LUP ; AR_014; GenBank: ON619664 . Description Female Total length 5.6. Carapace yellow, pattern with darker longitudinal bands around cephalic area and fovea ( Fig. 39A, D ). Sternum surface white, intercoxal triangles present on all legs. Labium yellow, white at tip, longer than wide. Endites white, rectangular, slightly broader at tip ( Fig. 39C ). Chelicerae yellow ( Fig. 39B, D ), promargin with four teeth, retromargin with seven or eight denticles. Leg coloration: light yellow, slightly darker on metatarsi and tarsi ( Fig. 39A–C ). Abdomen white, hirsute, dorsal surface with scattered brown patches, lateral and ventral surfaces with same pattern but faded ventrally, tracheal spiracle close to epigastric furrow ( Fig. 39A–C ). Epigynum atrium rectangular, longer than wide, door-shaped. Copulatory openings inside middle section of lateral borders of atrium. Copulatory ducts coiled around seminal receptacles, entering spermathecae on ventral surface at junction between long seminal receptacles and fertilization duct origin. Fertilization ducts short, cylindrical ( Figs 39E–F , 40E–F , 41G– H ). Cephalothorax length 2.15, thoracic width 1.56, cephalic width 0.81. Clypeus height 0.09. Eye diameters: AME 0.07, ALE 0.1, PME 0.09, PLE 0.09. Eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.04, ALE–PLE 0.1, PME–PME 0.12, PME–PLE 0.09. Femur lengths: I 1.84, II 1.68, III 1.29, IV 1.87. Leg spination: femur I d1-1-1, p0-0-2, r0-0-1. Tibia I v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Metatarsus I v2-2-0, p1-1- 1, r1-1-1. Femur II d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1. Tibia II v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Metatarsus II v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-0. Femur III d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1. Tibia III v2-2-2, p1-1-0, r1-1-0. Metatarsus III v2-2-2, p1-1-2, r1-1-2. Femur IV d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1. Tibia IV v2-2-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Metatarsus IV v2-2-2, p1-1-2, r1-1-2. Fig. 41. Anyphaena porta sp. nov. A–F . Paratype, ♂ (CNAN-T01563). G–H . Paratype, ♀ (CNAN-T01565). A . Pedipalp, ventral view. B . Pedipalp, prolateral view. C . Pedipalp, dorsal view. D . Pedipalp, retrolateral view. E . Coxae, ventral view. F . Coxae, lateral view. G . Epigynum, ventral view. H . Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale bars: A–D, G–H =0.2 mm; E–F =1.0 mm. Male Total length 5.3. Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration as in female. Embolus filiform and translucent. Prolateral apophysis of palpal tibia present ( Figs 40B–C , 41B–C ). Pedipalp tibia longer than wide. Ventral branch of median tibial apophysis displaced towards proximal border of tibia ( Figs 40A, C–D , 41A, C–D ). Cephalothorax length 2.39, thoracic width 1.61, cephalic width 0.84. Clypeus height 0.07. Eye diameters: AME 0.09, ALE 0.1, PME 0.1, PLE 0.1. Eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.05, AME– ALE 0.09, ALE–PLE 0.06, PME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE 0.07. Femur lengths: I 2.54, II 2.44, III 2.1, IV 2.49. Legs as in female except: femur II p0-0-2. Metatarsus II r1-1-1. Femur III p0-0-1. Tibia III v1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1. Tibia IV v0-1-0. Variations The anterior curvature of the female copulatory ducts and the seminal receptacle length vary among specimens ( Figs 39E–F , 40E–F ). Females (N=10): total length 5.66 (±0.98), cephalothorax length 2.18 (± 0.11), thoracic width 1.66 (± 0.12), cephalic width 0.9 (± 0.07), femur I 1.96 (± 0.13). Males (N=10): total length 5.2 (± 0.29), cephalothorax length 2.4 (± 0.13), thoracic width 1.88 (± 0.14), cephalic width 0.82 (±0.05), femur I 2.55 (± 0.11). The anterior projections of the spermathecae and proportions of the atrium vary in shape ( Figs 39E–F , 40 A-B). Distribution This species is found in oak and tropical wet forest fragments around Pico de Orizaba Volcano National Park ( Fig. 52 ). Natural history Most specimens were collected over vegetation by direct searching or with a beating tray. This species is present year-round.