Revision and cladistic analysis of the Afrotropical endemic genus Smeringopus Simon, 1890 (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Author
HUBER, BERNHARD A.
text
Zootaxa
2012
2012-09-07
3461
1
1
138
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3461.1.1
journal article
53629
10.11646/zootaxa.3461.1.1
664d9cee-5b75-4788-a394-6b35a37de652
11755334
6415657
0704C43A-73D8-4A28-915A-7FF8611C8606
Smeringopus peregrinus
Strand, 1906
Figs. 8–10
,
558–559
,
572–573
,
592–593
,
609–625
Smeringopus peregrinus
Strand 1906b: 47–49
.
Strand 1907b: 569–571
.
Tullgren 1910: 122–123
, pl. 2, fig. 34a-d.
Berland 1920: 129–130
.
Misidentifications:
Strand (1913)
and
Lessert (1915)
, see
S. peregrinoides
;
Kraus (1957)
, see
S. kalomo
.
FIGURES 558–571.
Smeringopus peregrinus
group, habitus and male prosomata, oblique frontal views. 558–559.
S. peregrinus
, male, dorsal and ventral views. 560–561.
S. peregrinoides
, female, dorsal view and male, ventral view. 562.
S. butare
, male dorsal view. 563.
S. similis
, male, dorsal view. 564–565.
S. kalomo
, male and female, dorsal views. 566–567.
S. chibububo
, male, dorsal view and female, ventral view. 568.
S. katanga
, male, dorsal view. 569.
S. moxico
, male, dorsal view. 570.
S. chibububo
. 571.
S. kalomo
.
FIGURES 572–583.
Smeringopus peregrinus
group, left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views. 572–573.
S. peregrinus
. 574–575.
S. peregrinoides
. 576–577.
S. butare
. 578–579.
S. katanga
. 580–581.
S. kalomo
. 582–583.
S. chibububo
.
Types
.
Unspecified
number of juvenile specimens from
Tanzania
,
Kilimanjaro Region
,
Moshi
[
3°20’S
,
37°20’E
], date not given (Wiedemann), apparently lost.
Notes. Since
S. peregrinus
as circumscribed herein and
S. peregrinoides
have overlapping distributions in northeastern
Tanzania
(
Fig. 608
), the identity of
S. peregrinus
may never be clarified beyond doubt. I follow
Berland (1920)
in considering the largely Kenyan species as
S. peregrinus
and I follow
Kraus (1957)
in separating it from the more western
S. peregrinoides
. However, the species treated by
Kraus (1957)
as
S. peregrinus
has a much more southern distribution, far from the
type
locality of
S. peregrinus
(see
S. kalomo
).
Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar congeners by tip of procursus (distinctive membranous and sclerotized structures;
Figs. 609, 610
), by shape of embolus (
Figs. 611–613
; prolateral view distinctive; similar
S. butare
and
S. katanga
), and by strongly curved ‘valve’ in internal female genitalia (
Fig. 593
); from
S. peregrinoides
also by longer and more downward directed cheliceral apophyses (
Figs. 614, 615
) and absence of v-shaped or u-shaped structure frontally in female internal genitalia (
Figs. 592
; females externally not distinguishable from
S. butare
).
Male (Wundanyi). Total body length 7.6, carapace width 2.3. Leg 1: 46.6 (12.4 + 1.1 + 12.0 + 18.4 + 2.7), tibia 2: 9.1, tibia 3: 7.1, tibia 4: 9.6; tibia 1 L/d: 47. Habitus as in
Figs. 558 and 559
. Carapace ochre-yellow with brown median and lateral marks, clypeus with pair of dark stripes, sternum brown with irregular light marks, legs light brown, femora and tibiae with lighter tips and subdistal dark rings, abdomen ochre-gray with distinct dorsal and ventral pattern. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 170 µm, distance PME-ALE 70 µm, distance AME-AME 45 µm, diameter AME 170 µm. Ocular area slightly elevated, secondary eyes with ‘pseudo-lenses’; deep thoracic pit. Chelicerae as in
Figs. 614 and 615
, with downward directed distal apophyses. Palps as in
Figs. 572 and 573
, coxa with distinct retrolateral apophysis and shallow wide furrow, trochanter barely modified, femur with retrolateral furrow with distinct rim proximally, procursus with distinctive distal structures (
Figs. 609, 610
), without prolateral membranous projection, bulb with distinctively shaped prolateral process on embolus (
Figs. 611–613
,
617
). Legs without spines, few vertical hairs, with curved hairs on tibiae and metatarsi 1 and 2, retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Gonopore with two epiandrous spigots (
Fig. 618
); ALS with eight spigots each (
Fig. 619
).
FIGURES 584–591.
Smeringopus peregrinus
group, left male palps, prolateral and retrolateral views, epigynum, and cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 584–585.
S. dundo
. 586–587.
S. similis
. 588–591.
S. moxico
.
FIGURES 592–607.
Smeringopus peregrinus
group, epigyna, ventral views and cleared female genitalia, dorsal views. 592–593.
S. peregrinus
. 594–595.
S. peregrinoides
. 596–597.
S. butare
. 598–599.
S. katanga
. 600–601.
S. kalomo
. 602–603.
S. chibububo
. 604–605.
S. dundo
. 606–607.
S. similis
.
Variation. The ventral abdominal bands may be undivided or divided into many spots; the ventral process of the embolus may be slightly wider (in prolateral view; male from
Kilifi
); in some specimens the retrolateral pointed process on the embolus (arrow in
Fig. 613
) is very indistinct (males from Ol Donyo Sabuk and
Tana River
). Tibia
1 in
37 males
: 6.9–15.7 (mean 10.6).
Female. In general similar to male; tibia
1 in
42 females
: 6.9–15.1 (mean 10.1). Epigynum a simple trapezoidal to triangular plate with pair of semicircular pockets (
Figs. 592
,
620
); internal genitalia as in
Figs. 593
,
616
, and 621, with strongly curved frontal ark.
Distribution. Widely distributed in
Kenya
, eastern
Uganda
, and northeastern
Tanzania
(
Fig. 608
); the two records from
Madagascar
are from
Antananarivo
(one of them explicitly from a building), suggesting that the species has been introduced to
Madagascar
by humans.
FIGURE 608.
Known distribution of the
peregrinus
group.
S. butare
and
S. peregrinus
are represented by triangles in order to facilitate distinction from
S. peregrinoides
. Squares: further undescribed species.
Material
examined.
KENYA
:
Coast Prov.
:
Taita
Hills
,
Wundanyi
, in hotel (
3°24.2’S
,
38°21.8’E
),
1405 m
a.s.l.
,
18.–19.i.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
2♂
1♀
in
ZFMK
(
Ar
8553)
;
same data,
2♂
3♀
in pure ethanol in
ZFMK
(
Ken
92)
.
Taita
Discovery Center
[~
3.0°S
,
38.4°E
],
8.–15.i.2002
(
E. Selempo
),
1♀
in
MRAC
(212939)
.
Kilaguni Camp
[~
2°54’S
,
38°03’E
],
23.vi.1979
(
N. Scharff
),
2♀
in
ZMUC
.
Tsavo West
,
Kasigau
[
3°49’S
,
38°39’E
],
645–1100 m
a.s.l.
, forest,
6.xii.2000
(R.
Jocqué
),
1♀
in
MRAC
(209968)
.
Tsavo West
,
Mzima Springs
[
2°59’S
,
38°01’E
], under rocks,
15.iv.1989
(
F. Coyle
, R.
Bennett
),
1♀
in
AMNH
.
“
Région
côtière,
Kiwi
” (
Mombasa
, according to
Berland 1920
), st. n
o
3,
28.-30.x.1911
(
Alluaud
,
Jeannel
),
1 juv.
prosoma, in
MNHN
(
AR 10473
)
.
Watamu
[
3°20’S
,
40°01’E
], beach litter,
12.ix.1984
(
Murphy
),
1♂
in
CJFM
(12395)
.
Kilifi
[
3°38’S
,
39°52’E
], coastal scrub,
10 m
a.s.l.
,
2.ix.1977
(
Murphy
),
2♂
1♀
in
CJFM
(5980)
;
same data but coconut grove,
1♀
in
CJFM
(6299)
;
Kilifi
, garden scrub, 4./
5.ix.1977
(2 vials) (
Murphy
),
3♀
in
CJFM
(6023, 6068)
;
Kilifi
, beach litter,
viii.1980
(
Murphy
),
1♀
in
CJFM
(9164)
.
Malindi
[
3°13’S
,
40°07’E
],
19.ii.1982
(R.R.
Jackson
),
1♂
1♀
+ juvs in
BMNH
.
15 km
S [SW]
Malindi
,
Gedi Ruins
[
3°18.5’S
,
40°01.0’E
],
30.vi.1979
(
N. Scharff
),
1♀
in
ZMUC
;
Gedi Forest
near
Gedi
ruins (
3°18.5’S
,
40°01.1’E
),
30 m
a.s.l.
, under stone,
22.i.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
1♂
1♀
in pure ethanol in
ZFMK
(
Ken
103)
.
Rift Valley
:
Kitale
,
Kaipos
[
1°12’N
,
35°08’E
], house,
2000 m
a.s.l.
,
30.vi.1972
(
Murphy
)
1♂
in
CJFM
(1412)
.
Lake Naivasha
[~
0°45’S
,
36°20’E
], shrubs,
1900 m
a.s.l.
,
3.viii.1974
(
Murphy
),
1♀
in
CJFM
(3873)
.
Lake Naivasha
,
Fisherman’s Camp
(~
0°45’S
,
36°20’E
),
19.x.1992
(V. &
B. Roth
),
1♀
in
CAS
.
Naivasha
, st. n
o
14,
1.xii.1911
(
Alluaud
,
Jeannel
),
2♂
4♀
7 juvs. (2 vials) in
MNHN
(
AR 10480
,
10487
).
Longonot
crater [
0°55’S
,
36°27’E
], st. n
o
26,
xii.1911
(
Alluaud
,
Jeannel
),
1♂
1♀
in
MNHN
(
AR 10489
).
Hell’s Gate N.P.
,
Lower Gorge
(
0°53.6’S
,
36°19.2’E
),
1850 m
a.s.l.
,
5.ii.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
3♂
1♀
in
ZFMK
(
Ar
8554)
;
same data,
1♂
2♀
in pure ethanol in
ZFMK
(
Ken
147)
.
Kajiado
[
1°50’S
,
36°47.5’E
], road culverts,
v.1973
, collector not given,
3♂
2♀
in
BMNH
.
Mpala Ranch
[
0°18’N
,
36°51’E
],
19.iv.2002
(R.
Jocqué, C
.
Warui
),
1♂
in
MRAC
(212190)
;
same locality, near river in litter and under dead logs,
20.iv.2002
(R.
Jocqué, C
.
Warui
),
1♀
in
MRAC
(212221)
.
Between Nanyuki
and
Nyahururu
, under bridge (
0°02.1’N
,
36°41.8’E
),
1940 m
a.s.l.
,
30.i.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
2♂
2♀
in pure ethanol in
ZFMK
(
Ken
129)
.
Nairobi
:
Nairobi
[~
1°16’S
,
36°49’E
], coll.
C.S. Belton
, date not given,
6♂
4♀
in
BMNH
(99.1215-713)
.
Forêt
de Nairobi
,
st. n
o
11,
22.-27.xi.1911
(Alluaud, Jeannel),
3♂
2♀
in
MNHN
(
AR 10495
)
.
FIGURES 609–616.
Smeringopus peregrinus
. 609. Left cymbium and procursus, retrolateral view. 610. Left procursus, prolateral view. 611–613. Left embolus, prolateral, dorsal, and ventral (slightly prolateral) views (arrow points to variable structure; see text). 614–615. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 616. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.
FIGURES 617–625.
Smeringopus peregrinus
. 617. Left embolus, ventral (slightly prolateral) view. 618. Male gonopore. 619. Male ALS. 620. Epigynum. 621. Cleared female genitalia, dorsal view. 622. Detail of pore plate. 623. Silk ball (from web shown in Fig. 8). 624–625. Details of silk ball. Scale lines: 8 µm (625), 10 µm (624), 30 µm (619), 40 µm (622), 60 µm (618), 80 µm (623), 100 µm (617), 200 µm (620–621).
Eastern Prov.
:
Athi
River
[
1°27’S
,
36°59’E
],
1530 m
a.s.l.
,
19.x.1957
(
E.S. Ross
, R.
E. Leech
),
1♂
in
CAS
.
15 mi
SW of Nairobi
[~
1°23’S
,
36°55’E
], 5400’ a.s.l.,
15.i.1970
(M.E.
Irwin
,
E.S. Ross
),
1♂
4♀
in
CAS
.
25 mi
SW of Nairobi
[~
1°27’S
,
36°59’E
], under rocks,
20.xi.1969
(M.E.
Irwin
,
E.S. Ross
),
1♂
in
CAS
.
Gonkonyi
River
, at slopes and in tunnel under road (
1°56.8’S
,
37°18.2’E
),
1340 m
a.s.l.
,
25.i.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
2♂
2♀
in
ZFMK
(
Ar
8555)
;
same data,
3♀
in pure ethanol in
ZFMK
(
Ken
106)
.
Machakos Distr.
, “
Mokweni
” [
1°49’S
,
37°47’E
?], 3500’ a.s.l.,
iv.1965
(
D.M. Sillou
),
1♂
in
MRAC
(128381)
.
Tsavo National Park
East,
Education
Center
[
2°46’S
,
38°47’E
?],
4.vi.1975
(
A.J. Penniman
),
2♀
1 juv.
in
AMNH
.
Murera
, near gate of
Meru
National Park
[
0°18’N
,
38°07’E
], riverine forest,
24.iv.2004
(R.
Jocqué, C
.
Warui
,
van den Spiegel
),
1♂
in
MRAC
(215395)
.
Ol Donyo Sabuk N.P.
, under stone at roadside (
1°08.1’S
,
37°15.1’E
),
2070 m
a.s.l.
,
26.i.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
1♂
in
ZFMK
(
Ar
8556)
;
Ol Donyo Sabuk N.P.
, in buffalo sculls at main gate (~
1°06.2’S
,
37°16.4’E
), ~
1400 m
a.s.l.
,
26.i.2010
(
B.A. Huber
),
1♂
1♀
in pure ethanol in
ZFMK
(
Ken
115)
.
4 km
S
Isiolo
[
0°19’N
,
37°34’E
],
1250 m
a.s.l.
,
26.xi.1957
(E.S.
Ross
, R.
E. Leech
),
1♀
in
CAS
.
Kiboko
,
Hunter’s Lodge
[
2°16.5’S
,
37°49.5’E
], “Grotte à Otomops”,
27.ix.1975
(
P. Strinati
,
V. Aellen
),
2♀
in
MHNG
.
Central Prov
.:
Mount
Kenya
,
Naro-Moru
track [~
0°10’S
,
37°10’E
],
25.vii.1975
(R.
Bosmans
),
1♂
in
MRAC
(161804)
.
Mount
Kenya
,
vii.1975
(R.
Bosmans
),
1♀
in
MRAC
(161926)
.
Thika
,
Fourteen Falls
[
1°04’S
,
37°15.5’E
],
4.viii.1969
(R.
D. Charles
),
3♀
1 juv.
in
MRAC
(136458).
Unidentified
localities in
Kenya
: “Ngunga”,
29.viii.1909
(
G.M. Allen
),
1♂
in
MCZ
(34029)
.
“
Tana River
”, Chanier Exp., date not given,
1♂
in
USNM
.
“
Fort Hall
”, st. n
o
30,
4.i.1912
(
Alluaud
,
Jeannel
),
1♂
1 juv.
in
MNHN
(
AR 10472
)
.
TANZANIA
:
Arusha Region
:
Arusha
[
3°22’S
,
36°41’E
],
4.ix.1972
(
P.L.G. Benoit
),
1♂
2♀
2 juvs in
MRAC
(141744).
Meru
,
Sjöstedt
leg., date not given,
1♀
in
ZMB
[this might be the female studied by
Tullgren (1910)
, originating from “Meru: Ngare na nyuki” = Ngare Nanyuki,
3°08’S
,
36°53’E
]
.
Kilimanjaro
,
Meru-Expedition
, 1905-1906 (
Y. Sjöstedt
), material identified and described by
Tullgren (1910)
,
1♂
1♀
in
MNHN
(
AR 10492
) [these might be Tullgren’s specimens from Kibonoto=Kibongoto, ~
3°11’S
,
37°06’E
].
West
flank of
Ngorongoro Crater
[~
3°12’S
,
35°29’E
],
1750 m
a.s.l.
,
23.x.1957
(
E.S. Ross
, R.
E. Leech
),
1♀
in
CAS
.
Tanga Region
:
Amani
[
5°06’S
,
38°38’E
],
iv.1905
(
Vosseler
),
1♂
in
ZMB
[this is the male studied by
Strand (1907b)
].
Mkomazi [
4°38’S
,
38°05’E
], thick grass below
Commiphora
trees,
25.i.1996
(
A. Russell-Smith
),
3♂
1♀
in
ZFMK
(
Ar
8557)
.
UGANDA
:
Eastern Region
:
Bukedi Distr.
,
Tororo
Hill
[
0°41’N
,
34°11’E
],
17.xii.1968
(R.
D. Charles
),
3♂
(2 vials) in
MRAC
(136448, 136450)
.
MADAGASCAR
:
Antananarivo
[~
18°55’S
,
47°31’E
], in building,
16.iii.1992
(V.
Roth
),
2♂
4♀
in
CAS
.
Antananarivo
,
Manakambahini
[
18°56.0’S
,
47°32.2’E
],
18.iii.1990
(
W.E. Steiner
),
2♂
1♀
in
USNM
.