Revision of Netomocera Bouček (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae), excluding the Oriental species Author Mitroiu, Mircea-Dan text European Journal of Taxonomy 2019 2019-10-18 568 1 87 journal article 25156 10.5852/ejt.2019.568 0338721f-219b-4d7b-a594-428411e71a4b 3517435 D49AB26D-7276-48A5-BE5A-958E30B81F17 Genus Netomocera Bouček, 1954 Netomocera Bouček, 1954: 49–50 ( type species: Netomocera setifera Bouček, 1954 , by original designation and monotypy). Diagnosis (with respect to other diparine genera) Both sexes Petiole transverse to quadrate, never longer than broad ( Figs 8 , 19 , 39 , 61 , 72 , 83 , 103 , 125 , 138 , 151 , 165 , 185 ); clypeal margin evenly curved, always without a conspicuous median tooth ( Figs 4 , 15 , 26 , 35 , 44 , 57 , 68 , 79 , 90 , 99 , 110 , 134 , 147 , 160 , 170 , 181 ). Female Antenna 11173, distinctly clavate, with clava moderate to large, slightly to strongly asymmetric ( Figs 5 , 16 , 27 , 36 , 58 , 69 , 91 , 100 , 111 , 122 , 135 , 148 , 171 , 195 ). Male Antenna with flagellum very long and filiform, without long outstanding setae; clava not differentiated ( Figs 11 , 22 , 53 , 64 , 75 , 86 , 106 , 117 , 130 , 143 , 156 , 161 , 177 , 190 , 201 ). Description Female (habitus: Figs 1 , 12 , 23 , 32 , 41 , 54 , 65 , 76 , 87 , 96 , 107 , 118 , 131 , 144 , 167 , 178 , 191 ) COLOUR. Head from yellowish to black, sometimes with weak to strong blue, violet or green metallic reflections (e.g., Figs 13 , 24 , 33 , 42 , 179 ). Mesosoma yellowish to black, rarely with metallic reflections (e.g., Figs 18 , 29 , 38 , 162 ). Metasoma with petiole similar to mesosoma and gaster, yellowish to black but ventrally usually paler (e.g., Figs 23 , 32 , 54 , 65 , 76 , 96 , 107 , 118 , 178 ). Body setation usually pale except for several large, symmetrically arranged dark brown setae (e.g., Figs 29 , 38 , 71 , 113 , 124 , 197 ). BODY LENGTH. 0.90–3.25 mm . HEAD. Clypeal margin slightly to distinctly produced (e.g., Figs 4 , 15 , 35 , 79 , 110 , 147 , 170 ) or slightly to distinctly emarginate (e.g., Figs 44 , 90 , 121 , 134 , 194 ), rarely virtually straight (e.g., Fig. 57 ). Clypeal region virtually smooth to coriaceous. Lower face coriaceous to shallowly reticulate, piliferous punctures distinct or not (e.g., Figs 4 , 15 , 26 , 35 , 57 , 68 , 79 , 90 , 99 , 110 , 134 , 147 , 160 ). Upper face including vertex reticulate (e.g., Figs 14 , 34 , 56 , 98 , 146 , 169 ) or coriaceous (e.g., Figs 67 , 109 ); scrobes deep, reticulate (e.g., Figs 66 , 97 , 108 , 179 ) or smooth ( Figs 77 , 168 ); parascrobal region with elongated (e.g., Fig. 108 ) or isodiametric cells (e.g., Fig. 33 ). Occiput virtually smooth or coriaceous-alutaceous; margin blunt (e.g., Figs 25 , 89 , 120 , 133 , 159 , 180 , 193 ) or sharply defined (e.g., Figs 14 , 34 , 43 , 56 , 67 , 98 , 109 ). Toruli with lower margins usually slightly to distinctly below lower margins of eyes (e.g., Figs 2 , 24 , 33 , 66 , 77 , 88 , 179 ), rarely above (e.g., Fig. 13 ); face protruding (e.g., Figs 1 , 12 , 167 ) or not (e.g., Figs 32 , 54 , 144 ) at toruli level. Funicle moderately (e.g., Figs 27 , 91 , 122 , 171 , 182 ) to strongly widening (e.g., Figs 5 , 16 , 36 , 80 , 100 , 148 ) towards clava; clava more or less asymmetric. Upper face and vertex usually with eight large setae (e.g., Figs 67 , 133 ): one between each posterior ocellus and corresponding eye, closer to eye; two between posterior ocelli, closer to the latter than to each other; one posterior to each eye; one behind each posterior ocellus. In a few species, one or two additional pairs of setae present next to inner margins of eyes, hence the total number of head setae is 10–12 (e.g., Figs 25 , 89 , 120 ). MESOSOMA. Moderately (e.g., Figs 29 , 113 , 137 ) to densely setose (e.g., Fig. 71 ) dorsally. Pronotal collar usually distinctly narrower than mesoscutum (e.g., Figs 18 , 60 , 71 , 113 ), rarely almost as wide as mesoscutum (e.g., Figs 82 , 184 ), with 6–10 large setae arranged in one row (e.g., Figs 93 , 137 , 173 , 184 ). Mesoscutum and axillae with shallow (e.g., Figs 47 , 82 , 113 , 137 , 184 ) to deep (e.g., Figs 7 , 18 , 60 ) reticulation. Mesoscutum with one central pair of large setae on median lobe and each lateral lobe with one large seta above fore wing articulation (e.g., Figs 124 , 137 , 150 , 173 , 184 ). Scutellar disc with similar sculpture as mesoscutum; frenal line absent, but frenal area usually defined by at least slightly different sculpture, either less strong or longitudinally striate-reticulate (e.g., Figs 19 , 83 , 114 ). Scutellum with two pairs of large setae, one anteriorly, the other on the virtual frenal line, the latter setae more widely apart than the anterior setae (e.g., Figs 29 , 150 , 184 ). Mesepisternum usually densely reticulate. Mesepimeron usually mainly smooth; mesepimeral sulcus ( Fig. 17 ) almost absent (e.g., Figs 92 , 112 , 123 , 136 , 183 ) to very distinct (e.g., Figs 6 , 17 , 46 , 59 ). Metanotum with lateral panels and dorsellum mainly smooth except for a few fine costulae (e.g., Figs 19 , 30 , 39 , 48 , 83 , 94 , 114 , 151 , 185 ), rarely with more complex sculpture ( Fig. 165 ). Propodeum mainly smooth, with intricate pattern of carinae, interspaces smooth to slightly wrinkled (e.g., Figs 8 , 19 , 30 , 39 , 72 , 83 , 94 , 114 , 138 , 151 , 185 ). Brachypterous (e.g., Figs 65 , 118 , 131 , 167 , 187 ), submacropterous (e.g., Fig. 178 ) or macropterous (e.g., Figs 1 , 12 , 32 , 41 , 54 , 96 ). Macropterous and submacropterous forms with fore wing usually uniformly and densely setose except for small, elongate bare region similar to linea calva some distance beyond parastigma and basal half of marginal vein (e.g., Figs 9 , 20 , 62 , 104 , 186 ); occasionally fore wing extensively bare basally ( Fig. 141 , 199 ) or with bare region larger ( Fig. 31 ); submarginal, marginal and postmarginal veins with several large setae; several long, thin admarginal setae on ventral side of wing close to marginal vein, but hard to see because of dense setation on dorsal side of wing (e.g., Fig. 84 ). Brachypterous form with fore and hind wings represented by stumps; fore wing with rounded or truncate apex well surpassing posterior margin of propodeum, usually with complete submarginal, reduced marginal and very short postmarginal and stigmal veins, and submarginal, marginal and postmarginal veins with several large setae (e.g., Figs 73 , 126 , 139 , 154 , 175 , 188 ); setation similar to that of macropterous form. METASOMA. Petiole either barely visible, transverse and smooth except for a few superficial longitudinal striae (e.g., Figs 39 , 61 , 72 , 83 , 103 , 114 , 125 , 138 , 151 , 185 , 198 ) or quadrate, with a few conspicuous longitudinal carinae (e.g., Figs 8 , 19 ). Gaster (e.g., Figs 1 , 23 , 32 , 54 , 65 , 76 , 87 , 118 , 144 , 178 , 191 ) usually short-ovate to long-acuminate, with gt1 the longest and with hind margin produced or emarginate; gt2–6 short, more or less retracted; syntergum acutely pointed. Ovipositor sheaths slightly to distinctly protruding beyond apex of gaster. Cercal setae long, may surpass the apex of gaster. Male (habitus: Figs 10 , 21 , 52 , 63 , 74 , 85 , 105 , 116 , 129 , 142 , 155 , 157 , 176 , 189 , 200 ) Differs from female mainly as follows. Body length: in average smaller than for female ( 0.75–2.50 mm ). Always macropterous (e.g., Figs 21 , 52 , 74 , 85 , 129 , 142 , 157 , 189 ). Eyes smaller, hence malar space greater (e.g., Fig. 158 ). Toruli with lower margins usually above lower margins of eyes, rarely at same level (e.g., Fig. 158 ). Flagellum very long, without differentiated clava, funicular segments subequal in length to fu1, except fu10, which is longest (e.g., Figs 11 , 22 , 53 , 64 , 75 , 86 , 106 , 117 , 130 , 143 , 156 , 177 , 190 , 201 ). Basal funicular segments sometimes slightly wider than apical segments (e.g., Figs 75 , 143 , 177 , 190 ). Gaster (especially when collapsed) shorter than mesosoma, in air-dried specimens usually with only gt1 visible (e.g., Figs 10 , 52 , 74 ). Distribution Cosmopolitan. Hosts Unknown. Remarks Desjardins ( 2007 ) provided the latest revision of Diparinae , including a key to world genera. Females of Netomocera are prone to be confused mostly with females of Lelaps Walker, 1843 , but differ from those mainly in the shape of the clypeal margin, without any teeth (with a small median tooth in Lelaps ), and in the clavate antennae, with the clava being at least slightly asymmetric (e.g., Figs 16 , 45 , 58 , 135 , 148 ) due to the presence of a microsetation area (antennae filiform in Lelaps , clava symmetric, without a conspicuous microsetation area). They are also somewhat similar to females of Chimaerolelaps Desjardins, 2007 , but those have a long petiole (at least twice as long as broad) and three pairs of large scutellar setae, while in Netomocera the petiole is at most quadrate (e.g., Figs 8 , 19 ) and the scutellum has only two pairs of large setae (e.g., Figs 29 , 150 , 184 ). Males of Netomocera can be confused especially with males of Dipara Walker, 1833 and Lelaps . They differ from males of both these genera in having a much shorter petiole (at most quadrate as opposed to more than twice as long as broad) and funicular segments with shorter setae (funicular segments with whorls of long setae in the mentioned genera); additionally, males of Netomocera differ from those of Lelaps in having the clypeal margin emarginate or evenly produced, without a median tooth. Key to world species of Netomocera , excluding the Oriental species Note Females of N. rufa are unknown; males of many species are unknown. 1. Female: antenna short-clavate, clava more or less asymmetric, with large microsetation area (e.g., Figs 16 , 45 , 58 , 135 , 148 ); brachypterous (e.g., Figs 65 , 118 , 131 , 167 , 187 ) or macropterous (e.g., Figs 1 , 12 , 32 , 41 , 54 , 96 ) .................................................................................................................. 2 – Male: antenna very long, filiform (e.g., Figs 11 , 53 , 86 , 106 , 143 , 177 , 201 ); macropterous (e.g., Figs 21 , 52 , 74 , 85 , 129 , 142 , 157 , 189 ) .......................................................................................... 18 2. Visible part of petiole very short, distinctly transverse, with more or less obliterate sculpture (e.g., Figs 39 , 61 , 72 , 83 , 103 , 114 , 125 , 138 , 151 , 185 , 198 ); propodeum (e.g., Figs 30 , 39 , 72 , 83 , 94 , 114 , 138 , 151 ) usually without a well-defined V-shaped area basally (except N. setifera , Fig. 185 ); mesepimeral sulcus conspicuous (e.g., Figs 46 , 59 ) or not (e.g., Figs 92 , 112 , 123 , 136 , 183 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution].................. 3 – Visible part of petiole longer, usually quadrate, with a few conspicuous longitudinal carinae ( Figs 8 , 19 ); propodeum ( Figs 8 , 19 ) always with a well-defined V-shaped area basally; mesepimeral sulcus conspicuous ( Figs 6 , 17 ); macropterous [Afrotropical]................................................................... 17 3. Head yellowish ( Figs 24 , 88 , 118 , 132 , 192 ); clypeal margin shallowly to conspicuously emarginate ( Figs 26 , 90 , 121 , 134 , 194 ); occiput margin blunt ( Figs 25 , 120 , 133 , 193 ) or rarely abrupt ( Fig. 89 ), but never sharply margined; mesepimeral sulcus inconspicuous, although some transverse costulae usually present ( Figs 92 , 123 , 136 , 196 ); usually macropterous, rarely brachypterous; fore wing always with at least some brownish spots ( Figs 31 , 95 , 126, 128 , 139, 141 , 199 ); upper face and vertex usually with ten large setae ( Figs 25 , 89 , 120 , 193 ), rarely with eight setae ( Fig. 133 ) [New World] ................................................................................................................................................ 4 – Head brown to black (e.g., Figs 33 , 55 , 66 , 77 , 108 , 168 ), sometimes with blue-violet, green or bronze metallic reflections (e.g., Figs 42, 43 , 98 , 179, 180 ); clypeal margin usually slightly produced or straight (e.g., Figs 33 , 57 , 68 , 79 , 110 , 147 , 170 ), but rarely shallowly emarginate ( Figs 44 , 99 ); occiput margin rarely blunt ( Fig. 180 ), usually sharply defined (e.g., Figs 34 , 43 , 67 , 98 , 109 ); mesepimeral sulcus conspicuous (e.g., Figs 46 , 59 , 101 , 172 ) or not (e.g., Fig. 183 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous; fore wing hyaline or subhyaline (e.g., Figs 51 , 104 , 152 ), or with brownish spots (e.g., Figs 49 , 186 ); upper face and vertex usually with eight large setae (e.g., Figs 56 , 67 ), rarely with 12 setae ( Fig. 169 ) [various biogeographic distribution]........................... 8 4. Macropterous, fore wing mainly brownish, except for one bare region, swollen and shining violetblue when examined under some angles of light and with four hyaline areas covered with white setae ( Fig. 31 ): one apically in basal cell, a U-shaped region behind bare region and two subapical spots; flagellum with basal half yellow, the rest brownish ( Fig. 27 ); propodeum with median area almost without carinae ( Fig. 30 ) [Neotropical]............................................................. N. amethysta sp. nov. – Brachypterous or if macropterous fore wing with different colour pattern, never mainly brownish ( Figs 95 , 128 , 141 , 199 ); flagellum with different colour pattern ( Figs 91 , 122 , 135 , 195 ); propodeum with median area more carinate ( Figs 94 , 125 , 138 , 198 ) [Neotropical, Nearctic] ........................... 5 5. Macropterous, fore wing with intricate brownish pattern of bands and spots covering more than half of wing surface ( Fig. 95 ); propodeum with large smooth areas among carinae ( Fig. 94 ); antenna with funicle brown and clava whitish ( Fig. 91 ) [Neotropical] ................................. N. irregularis sp. nov. – Brachypterous or if macropterous fore wing with two or three brownish bands or spots separated from each other by large hyaline areas ( Figs 126, 128 , 139, 141 , 199 ); propodeum with smaller smooth areas among carinae ( Figs 125 , 138 , 198 ); antenna with different colour pattern ( Figs 122 , 135 , 195 ) [Neotropical, Nearctic]...................................................................................................... 6 6. Antenna with basal funicular segments and clava pale yellow ( Fig. 195 ); fore wing with three transverse brownish bands, the first apically in basal cell, the second behind parastigma and the third behind stigma ( Fig. 199 ); head with ten large setae on upper face and vertex ( Fig. 193 ); macropterous [Neotropical]........................................................................................................... N. virgata sp. nov. – Antenna with pale areas of flagellum, if present, much more reduced ( Figs 122 , 135 ); fore wing with two transverse brownish bands, one behind MV basally and the second behind stigma or occasionally with a third spot between the second band and the apical wing margin ( Figs 126, 128 , 139, 141 ); head with eight ( Fig. 133 ) or ten ( Fig. 120 ) large setae on upper face and vertex; brachypterous or macropterous [Nearctic] .................................................................................................................... 7 7. Mesoscutum very shallowly reticulate ( Fig. 137 ); scutellum medially longitudinally striate and laterally reticulate and frenal area striate-reticulate ( Fig. 137 ); propodeum uniformly and densely reticulate except for small triangular area anteriorly; nucha large, with lateral margins parallel ( Fig. 138 ); upper face and vertex usually with eight large setae ( Fig. 133 ); antenna ( Fig. 135 ) strongly clavate, fu7 width 1.7–1.9 × length; clava length 1.6–1.7× width; head width equal to combined length of pedicel and flagellum; mesosoma length 1.7–2.0× height; mesoscutum width 2.5–2.9× length ................................................................................................... N. nearctica Yoshimoto, 1977 – Mesoscutum more strongly reticulate ( Fig. 124 ); scutellum, including frenal area, reticulate ( Fig. 124 ); propodeum with several strong carinae, the interspaces virtually smooth; nucha smaller, with lateral margins converging posteriorly ( Fig. 125 ); upper face and vertex usually with ten large setae ( Fig. 120 ); antenna ( Fig. 122 ) moderately clavate, fu7 width 1.2–1.4 × length; clava length 2.1–2.4 × width; head width slightly less than combined length of pedicel and flagellum; mesosoma length 1.5–1.6 × height; mesoscutum width 2.1–2.5× length........................ N. meridionalis sp. nov. 8. Pronotal collar long, 0.55–0.60× as long as mesoscutum and wide, 0.85–0.95 × as wide as mesoscutum ( Figs 183–184 ); fore wing in macropterous and submacropterous forms with two more or less distinct brownish spots, a large one beneath MV and a smaller one a short distance beyond SV towards apical wing margin ( Fig. 186 ); propodeum basally with densely sculptured triangular area surrounded by shallowly sculptured areas ( Fig. 185 ); occiput margin blunt ( Fig. 180 ) [West Palaearctic] ................................................................................................. N. setifera Bouček, 1954 – Pronotal collar usually less long or wide (e.g., Figs 38 , 47 , 60 , 71 , 93 ), but if rarely as long as above then at most 0.8 × as wide as mesoscutum or if as wide as above then at most 0.45 × as long as mesoscutum; fore wing in macropterous form hyaline or subhyaline (e.g., Figs 40 , 62 , 104 , 115 , 152 ), if rarely with brownish pattern, this different from above ( Fig. 49 ); propodeum with uniform, more or less dense sculpture (e.g., Figs 39 , 48 , 61 , 72 , 83 , 103 , 151 ); occiput margin usually sharply defined (e.g., Figs 34 , 43 , 67 , 98 , 109 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ................................... 9 9. Scrobes deep and smooth ( Figs 77 , 168 ); occiput margin blunt ( Figs 78 , 169 ); fore wing of macropterous form with basal third extensively bare, except for several setae across basal cell ( Fig. 84 ) [Australasian].................................................................................................................... 10 – Scrobes shallower and finely reticulate or reticulate-striate (e.g., Figs 66 , 97 , 145 ); occiput margin sharply defined (e.g., Figs 34 , 43 , 67 , 98 , 109 ); fore wing of macropterous form with basal third extensively setose, except for narrow bare region (e.g., Figs 49 , 62 , 104 , 152 ) [various biogeographic distribution].......................................................................................................................................11 10. Head with 12 large setae ( Fig. 169 ); toruli only slightly below lower margins of eyes ( Fig. 168 ); antenna uniformly reddish or yellowish, moderately clavate, with clava slightly asymmetric; fu1 and fu7 moderately transverse ( Fig. 171 ); face with piliferous punctures barely visible; mesoscutum width 2.8–3.1 × length; brachypterous ( Fig. 167 )..................................... N. sedlaceki Bouček, 1988 – Head with eight large setae ( Fig. 78 ); toruli distinctly below lower margins of eyes ( Fig. 77 ); antenna with funicle gradually becoming brown towards clava, more strongly clavate,with clava conspicuously asymmetric; fu1 and fu7 more strongly transverse ( Fig. 80 ); face with piliferous punctures more obvious; mesoscutum width about 2.6 × length; macropterous ( Fig. 76 )............. N. gloriosa sp. nov. 11. Clypeal margin shallowly emarginate ( Fig. 99 ); POL about 4.1 × OOL; MV about 5.3× SV; vertex with slight dark green reflections ( Fig. 98 ); macropterous, fore wing hyaline ( Fig. 104 ) [Neotropical]......................................................................................................... N. masneri sp. nov. – Clypeal margin usually produced or straight (e.g., Figs 35 , 57 , 110 , 147 ) or if slightly emarginate then vertex with violet metallic reflections ( Fig. 43 ); POL usually at most 3.75 × OOL, rarely up to 5.5 ×; MV usually 3.5–5.0× SV, rarely more; macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous, fore wing sometimes with brown spots ( Fig. 49 ) [various biogeographic distribution]......................... 12 12. Mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae densely reticulate, appearing dull under setation ( Fig. 60 ); scutoscutellar sutures superficial, hardly visible ( Fig. 60 ); frenal area not distinct, sculpture not different from that of rest of scutellum ( Fig. 60 ); mesosoma with setation dense and pale brown, not conspicuous ( Fig. 60 ); macropterous [Afrotropical] .......................................... N. desaegeri sp. nov. – Mesoscutum, scutellum and axillae less densely reticulate, appearing shinier under setation (e.g., Figs 38 , 47 , 71 , 113 , 150 ); scutoscutellar sutures deeper, more distinct (e.g., Figs 38 , 47 , 71 , 150 ); frenal area distinct, sculpture at least slightly different than that of rest of scutellum (e.g., Figs 39 , 48 , 72 , 114 , 151 ); mesosoma with setation, if dense, whitish and conspicuous ( Fig. 71 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution] ....................................... 13 13. Mesosoma with unusually dense and conspicuous whitish setation dorsally ( Fig. 71 ); eye height 2.25–2.35× malar space; brachypterous, rarely submacropterous [Neotropical]................................ ..................................................................................................................... N. formiciformis sp. nov. – Mesosoma with less dense and less conspicuous setation dorsally ( Figs 38 , 47 , 113 , 150 ); eye height usually 2.5–2.8 × malar space, rarely 2.3–2.4×; macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution]................................................................................................ 14 14. Head with strong blue-violet reflections ( Figs 42–43 ); clypeal margin very shallowly emarginate, almost straight ( Fig. 44 ); macropterous, fore wing usually with two brownish regions ( Figs 49–50 ), sometimes hyaline ( Fig. 51 ) [Australasian]................................................. N. cyanocephala sp. nov. – Head brown or black, without metallic reflections ( Figs 34 , 109 , 146 ); clypeal margin at least slightly produced ( Figs 35 , 110 , 147 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous, fore wing always hyaline ( Figs 40 , 115 , 152 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ................................................... 15 15. Antenna moderately clavate, fu7 width about 1.3× length ( Fig. 111 ); head and mesosoma black ( Figs 108 , 113 ); fu7 and clava dark, contrasting with rest of funicle ( Fig. 111 ); macropterous [Neotropical]........................................................................................................... N. merida sp. nov. – Antenna more strongly clavate, fu7 width 1.70–1.85 × length ( Figs 36 , 148 ); at least mesosoma lighter ( Figs 38 , 150 ); flagellum yellowish to brown, clava occasionally darkening towards apex ( Figs 36 , 148 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [various biogeographic distribution] ...... 16 16. POL about 5.5× OOL; clypeus wider than high ( Fig. 35 ); head and mesosoma brown ( Figs 33 , 38 ); flagellum pale yellow, clava darkening towards apex ( Fig. 36 ); macropterous [Australasian].................................................................................................... N. celebensis sp. nov. – POL 3.3–3.5 × OOL; clypeus about as wide as high ( Fig. 147 ); head black, mesosoma reddish-brown ( Figs 145 , 150 ); flagellum brown, gradually becoming darker towards clava ( Fig. 148 ); macropterous, submacropterous or brachypterous [East Palaearctic, Oriental ]..... N. ramakrishnai Sureshan, 1910 17. Toruli with lower margins above lower eye margins ( Fig. 13 ); scape 0.7–0.8 × as long as eye height; eye more elongate, height 1.60–1.75× length; occiput margin sharp ( Fig. 14 ) ............................................................................................... N. alboscapus Hedqvist, 1971 – Toruli with lower margins from slightly below to about the same level as lower eye margins ( Fig. 2 ); scape from very slightly shorter to as long as eye height; eye less elongate, height 1.35–1.50 × length; occiput margin blunt ( Fig. 3 )....................................................... N. africana Hedqvist, 1971 18. Visible part of petiole short-transverse and smooth or almost smooth, with at most some superficial longitudinal striae (cf. Figs 39 , 61 , 72 , 83 , 103 , 114 , 125 , 138 , 151 , 185 , 198 ) or if rarely quadrate then without distinct longitudinal rugae ( Fig. 165 ) [various biogeographic distribution] .............. 19 – Visible part of petiole longer, usually quadrate and with more or less regular and strong longitudinal carinae (cf. Figs 8 , 19 ) [Afrotropical].............................................................................................. 31 19. Clypeal margin slightly to conspicuously emarginate (cf. Figs 99 , 121 , 134 , 194 ) [New World] .. 20 – Clypeal margin virtually straight or slightly to conspicuously produced ( Fig. 160 ; cf. Figs 57 , 68 , 79 , 110 , 147 , 170 , 181 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ............................................................... 23 20. Fore wing without brownish spots (cf. Fig. 104 ); body colour mainly dark brown ( Fig. 105 ) [Neotropical]......................................................................................................... N. masneri sp. nov. – Fore wing with at least one brownish spot behind basal end of MV, usually with two or three ( Figs 129 , 142 , 200 ; cf. Figs 128 , 141 , 199 ); body colour usually lighter, mainly yellowish to brownish ( Figs 129 , 142 , 200 ) [Neotropical, Nearctic]................................................................... 21 21. Basal cell densely setose apically (cf. Fig. 199 ); head usually yellowish ( Fig. 200 ); funicle with fu1 and fu10 (occasionally also fu9) usually at least slightly lighter than intermediate funiculars ( Fig. 201 ) [Neotropical].......................................................................................... N. virgata sp. nov. – Basal cell mainly bare apically (cf. Figs 128 , 141 ), with at most some scattered setae ( Fig. 142 ); head usually brownish ( Figs 129 , 142 ); funicle of uniform colour or sometimes fu1 lighter ( Figs 130 , 143 [Nearctic]...................................................................................................................................................22 22. MV 4.0–4.2 × SV; fu1 length 1.3–1.5× width; scutellum with at least a small shiny area with superficial sculpture in posterior third to half, usually including central part of frenal area, the latter at least laterally striate in large specimens (cf. Fig. 137 ) .................... N. nearctica Yoshimoto, 1977 – MV 5.0–5.5× SV; fu1 length 1.7–2.5 × width; scutellum uniformly reticulate, cells isodiametric to slightly elongated (cf. Fig. 124 )..................................................................... N. meridionalis sp. nov. 23. Pronotal collar long, 0.55–0.80× as long as mesoscutum and wide, 0.80–0.95 × as wide as mesoscutum ( Figs 162, 164 , 189 ; cf. Fig. 184 ) ............................................................................... 24 – Pronotal collar either shorter or/and narrower (cf. Figs 47 , 60 , 71 , 82 , 113 , 150 , 173 ) .................. 25 24. Head and mesosoma black, without metallic reflections ( Fig. 189 ) or head distinctly greenish and mesosoma brownish, the latter without metallic reflections; MV 3.0–3.2 × SV [West Palaearctic] .................................................................................................. N. setifera Bouček, 1954 – Head orange and mesosoma dark brown, without metallic reflections ( Figs 157, 158 ) or both orange with distinct greenish metallic reflections dorsally ( Figs 159 , 162 ); MV 2.7–2.9 × SV [Afrotropical] .................................................................................................. N. rufa Hedqvist, 1971 25. Mesosoma dorsally with dense reticulation, alveolae deep (cf. Fig. 60 ); mesepimeral sulcus well impressed (cf. Fig. 59 ) [Afrotropical]................................................................. N. desaegeri sp. nov. – Mesosoma dorsally with less dense reticulation, alveolae shallower (cf. Figs 47 , 71 , 82 , 113 , 150 , 173 ); mesepimeral sulcus sometimes shallow (cf. Figs 112 , 149 ) [various biogeographic distribution]..... 26 26. Scrobes deep and smooth (cf. Figs 77 , 168 ); occiput margin blunt (cf. Figs 78 , 169 ) [Australasian] .................................................................................................................................. 27 – Scrobes shallower and reticulate (cf. Figs 66 , 108 , 145 ); occiput margin sharply defined (cf. Figs 43 , 67 , 109 , 146 ) [various biogeographic distribution] ......................................................................... 28 27. Funicular segments thick and short, fu1 wider than pedicel, length 1.6–2.0× width ( Fig. 177 ); body length 0.8–1.2 mm .................................................................................... N. sedlaceki Bouček, 1988 – Funicular segments slender and longer, fu1 not wider than pedicel, length 2.0–2.1 × width ( Fig. 86 ); body length 1.2–1.5 mm ....................................................................................... N. gloriosa sp. nov. 28. Mesosoma usually at least partially reddish ( Fig. 155 ); head without violet reflections on vertex (cf. Fig. 146 ) [ Oriental , East Palaearctic] ............................................. N. ramakrishnai Sureshan, 2010 - Mesosoma uniformly dark brown to black ( Figs 52 , 74 , 116 ); head sometimes with violet reflections on vertex (cf. Fig. 43 ) [Australasian or Neotropical] ...................................................................... 29 29. Head with more or less conspicuous violet reflections on vertex (cf. Fig. 43 ) [Australasian]............................................................................................... N. cyanocephala sp. nov. – Head without any violet reflections on vertex (cf. Figs 67 , 109 ) [Neotropical].............................. 30 30. Fu1 length 2.4–2.6 × width; length of pedicel plus flagellum 2.40–2.75 × head width; MV 3.2–4.1 × SV ........................................................................................................................... N. merida sp. nov. – Fu1 length 1.9–2.2× width; length of pedicel plus flagellum 2.8–3.0 × head width; MV about 4.5× SV ................................................................................................................ N. formiciformis sp. nov. 31. Toruli with lower margins distinctly above lower margins of eyes..... N. alboscapus Hedqvist, 1971 – Toruli with lower margins at about same level as lower margins of eyes .......................................... ................................................................................................................. N. africana Hedqvist, 1971 Descriptive taxonomy