Nine New Species of Hawaiian Leaf-roller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Including One Probably Extinct Species Author Austin Daniel Rubinoff, Kyhl A. Author nov, sp. nov. sp. nov. sp. nov. sp. nov. sp. nov. sp. text Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 2024 56 29 59 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.14661935 0073-134X 14661935 Bactra omoomoo , sp. nov. Figs. 1C, D ; 3B ; 7B , 9A Diagnosis. Bactra omoomoo (Oʻahu) can be distinguished from other species of Bactra in Hawaiʻi by the combination of its large size and distinctive dark brown forewing scaling with blue-gray strigulae. Males can be distinguished from other species of Hawaiian Bactra by the much wider cucullus and the densely packed, regularly spaced, spine-like setae along lateral margin of intermediate lobe (typically fewer and more irregularly spaced in members of the B . straminea complex). Females can be distinguished by the deep, weakly sclerotized, V-shaped ostium, which is much shallower, more rounded, and often well-defined in members of the B . straminea complex. Type material. Holotype : Oʻahu: ♂ , ʻEwa Forest Reserve , Poamoho Cabin ; 21.5304 , -157.9202 ; 770m ; 25–26 xi 2022 ; Figure 9. A. Live Bactra omoomoo , ♂, Oʻahu. B. Live Eccoptocera kukona , ♂, Kauaʻi. C. Live Pararrhaptica huihui , ♂, Kauaʻi. D. Spheterista hoihoi , holotype, ♂, Oʻahu (UHIM). K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, D. Cuthrell; UVLED light sheet / DNA extraction KA0727 / KAA diss. #0956 ( UHIM ). Paratypes ( 84♂♂ , 3♀♀ ): Oʻahu: 10♂♂ , same data as holotype / DNA extraction KA0726 / KAA diss. #0955 ( UHIM ). 2♂♂ , ʻEwa Forest Reserve, Poamoho Trail; 21.5331 , –157.9254 ; 705m ; 25–26 xi 2022 ; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, D. Cuthrell; UV bucket trap ( UHIM ). 1♂ , ʻEwa Forest Reserve, K[oʻolau] S[ummit] T[rail] S of Poamoho Cabin; 21.5286 , -157.9202 ; 760m ; 25–26 xi 2022 ; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda, D. Cuthrell; UV bucket trap ( UHIM ). 8♂♂ , same data as previous except 21.5270 , -157.9198 ; 775m ( UHIM ). 3♂♂ , Koʻolau Mts., Poamoho Trail cabin; 2600ft ; 15 xii 1978 ; F. G. Howarth ( BPBM ). 1♀ , same as previous except 15 – 16 xii 1978 ; F. G. Howarth, S. L. Montgomery ( UHIM ). 2♂♂ , Poamoho Cabin, 2500ft ; 16 xii 1978 ; S. L. Montgomery ( BPBM ). 11♂♂ , Koʻolau Mts., Poamoho Trail shelter; 760m ; 17xii1977 ;F.G.Howarth ( BPBM ). 4♂♂ , Kōnāhuanui; 3105 ft ; 24 i 1998 ; M. Heddle, C. Chimera; black light ( BPBM ). 1♂ , ʻEwa Forest Reserve, Mānana Ridge, along fenceline; 21.4491 , -157.8917 ; 545m ; 24 – 25 xi 2021 ; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; UVLED light sheet / DNA extraction KA0391 / KAA diss. #0654 ( UHIM ). 4♂♂ , Honolulu Watershed F[orest] R[eserve], K[oʻolau] S[ummit] T[rail] W of Hawaiʻi Loa Ridge summit; 21.3245 , -157.7420 ; 755m ; 3–4 ix 2022 ; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; [UV] bucket trap ( UHIM ). 30♂♂ , HonoluluWatershed F[orest] R[eserve], Hawaiʻi Loa Ridge, nr. summit; 21.3233 , -157.7420 ; 705m ; 3–4 ix 2022 ; K. A. Austin, K. Faccenda; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extractions KA0634, KA0635 / KAA diss. #0876, #0877, #0878 ( UHIM ). 5♂♂ , Honolulu Watershed F[orest] R[eserve], Wailupe Ridge; 21.3214 , -157.7490 ; 620m ; 24–25 ix 2022 ; K. A. Austin, M. Staab; [UV] bucket trap / DNA extraction KA0650 / KAA diss. #0890 ( UHIM ). 2♂♂ , Mānoa Valley, Substation H [awaiʻi] S[ugar] P[lanters’] A[ssociation]; 7 iii [19]45; H . Brodie; ex light trap ( HDOA ). 1♂ , same as previous except 18 iii [19]45 ( HDOA ). 1♀ , Pacific H [eigh]ts; 27 v [19]06; ex Vincentia [= Machaerina ] angustifolia (HDOA) . 1♀ , Lanihuli; 18 vii [19]20; E. H . Bryan, Jr. ( BPBM ). Other material examined. 1 larva , Pacific H [eigh]ts; 27 v [19]06; ex Vincentia [= Machaerina ] ( HDOA ). Description. Male (n= 85). Head. Scales on frons long, erect, entirely dark brown except gray at apex, occasionally with scattered light pinkish-red scales; scales on vertex concolorous with scaling on frons; labial palpus long, approximately 3.5× width of compound eye, scales on lateral surface concolorous with scaling on frons except light pinkish-red scales more common; medial surface with scaling pale yellow to white. Ocellus moderate, slightly depressed, separated from compound eye by approximately 1× width of ocellus. Scape with scaling pale brown; sensillae short, approximately 0.5× width of flagellomere; dorsal scales of flagellum silver. Thorax. Dorsum with scaling short, tightly appressed, pale reddish-brown; longer, darker reddish-brown or blueish-gray scales present laterally; tegulae intermixed with mahogany, dark gray, and black scales. Lateral surface of foreleg and midleg entirely dark brown, tarsal segments ringed with pale yellow at apices; hindlegs entirely pale yellow to white, tarsal segments similar to forelegs and midlegs. Dorsal surface of FW ( Fig. 1C ; FWL: 8.9–11.6 mm ) with ground color dark brown and mahogany, strongly overlaid with metallic blueish-gray scaling, especially between veins, as paired costal strigulae, and along inner margin; black scaling present along veins and as a distinctive dot or streak at end of cell; fringe black with scattered mahogany scales. Ventral surface of FW dark brown, golden-brown terminally. Dorsal surface of HW pale brown, fringe concolorous. Ventral surface of HW concolorous with dorsal surface of HW, but slightly paler. Abdomen. Vestiture of abdomen pale yellow to light brown, but often greasestained which gives some segments a much darker appearance. Genitalia ( Fig. 3B ) with uncus short, well-developed, downcurved, spatulate, densely fringed on lateral and apical margin with robust, flattened, peg-like setae; socii situated at base of uncus, large, membranous, flap-like, with long, dense, hair-like setae; tegumen broad, convex, well-sclerotized, somewhat inflated dorsally; gnathos absent; valva typical for subgenus Chiloides , with large, greatly inflated, lobe-like sacculus; sacculus with dense cluster of 15–20well-developed spine-like setae on ventral margin and 4–5 slightly larger, longer setae on lateral margin; face of sacculus with well-developed mound-like process; intermediate lobe well-developed, curved, with regularly-spaced, dense, peg-like setae on distal margin; 8–19 longer, more irregularly spaced, acute setae present at base of these peg-like setae; regularly-spaced, thin, spine-like setae present along lateral margin of intermediate lobe towards base; cucullus long, broad, apically rounded, with a large, dense patch of thin, bristle-like setae towards apex; juxta broad, short, well-sclerotized, bowl-shaped, nearly fused with caulis. Phallus short, robust, somewhat ventrodorsally flattened, without cornuti or spines. Female (n=3). Head . Scaling on frons, vertex, labial palpus, scape, and flagellum similar to male but often slightly paler, straw yellow; sensillae only 0.25× width of flagellomere. Thorax . Similar to male except larger ( Fig. 1D ; FWL: 12.4–13.5 mm ), dorsal surface of forewing paler, often golden brown ( one specimen with distinct dark brown medial streak); with less apparent blueish-gray scaling; hindwing paler. Abdomen . Vestiture of abdomen golden brown. Genitalia ( Fig. 7B ) with papillae anales subtriangular, lateral margin slightly convex, with shallow anteromedial excavation, roughened on ventral surface; apophyses posteriores long, slender, approximately 0.75× length of S7; apophyses anteriores laterally directed, slightly curved, approximately 0.33× length of S7; hind margin of S7 highly membranous, folded to form pocket-like structure obscuring much of the sterigma; sterigma large, broad, band-like; ostium deep, acute, V-shaped, weaklysclerotized; ductusbursaestraight, membranous, slender at base but widening beyond 0.25× to nearly width of corpus bursae; ductus seminalis arising at 0.25× length of ductus bursae; colliculum absent; corpus bursae scarcely differentiated from ductus bursae, elliptical, not greatly inflated; signum a moderately sized, roughly scobinate, invaginated, quadrate, plate-like structure. Biology. One adult female and one larva in HDOA were reared from ʻuki ( Machaerina angustifolia ; Cyperaceae ). We have commonly found larvae of what appear to be this species boring into the stems of ʻuki, especially at the base of inflorescences. Unfortunately, collected larvae have so far failed to mature. Distribution. This species occurs in the Koʻolau Range of Oʻahu above 500 meters virtually wherever its host plant, ʻuki ( Machaerina angustifolia ) grows. It seems to be especially abundant along the windswept peaks and summits of the Koʻolau Range and might be expected on the sheer cliffs, hanging valleys, and waterfalls along the windward side which are virtually inaccessible to collectors. Similar large brown Bactra have been collected on Kauaʻi, Molokaʻi, Maui, and Hawaiʻi island. It is not yet clear if these represent B . omoomoo or similar, undescribed species. Preliminary molecular data suggest they may be distinct species, but more data is needed. Etymology. From Hawaiian ʻōmoʻomoʻo, meaning “ridge” or “crest,” as of mountains, referring to the high peaks of the Koʻolau Mountains where this species can be found. Comments. Specimens of B . omoomoo have long been identified as B . straminea under the working assumption that there was only a single, highly variable species, although some workers recognized a species complex was likely involved. Perkins (1913) noted that “ Bactra straminea is a very widely distributed species in the islands and extremely variable, examples differing greatly in size and pattern.It is likely that several species are included under this name, for we have observed scores of specimens in some localities, without remarking any special variability. If there is only one species, then the variation is to a large extent local or racial. Melanochroic forms occur and these are sometimes of gigantic size.” We now recognize that these “melanochroic forms” are actually one, and perhaps more than one, distinct species. It is unclear why females of B . omoomoo are so rare in collections. They may be only weakly attracted to light or may not fly far from their host plant. Conservation Status. Bactra omoomoo is likely secure. This species is common, sometimes even abundant, on wind-swept summit ridges in the Koʻolau mountains wherever ʻuki ( Machaerina angustifolia ) grows. It is worth noting, however, that it is no longer found at some of the lower elevation spots at which it was first collected suggesting that even relatively widespread species disappear from urbanized areas over time.