Order Carnivora Author W. Christopher Wozencraft text 1993 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London Editor Don E. Wilson Editor DeeAnn M. Reeder Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition) 279 348 book chapter http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7359191 1-56098-217-9 7359191 Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) . Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:40 . TYPE LOCALITY: "Europa, Asia, Africa, antrafodiens," restricted by Thomas (1911a) , to " Sweden ( Upsala )." DISTRIBUTION: Europe and continental Asia except the tundra; N India and peninsular Indochina; Japan ; Palearctic Africa; N America as far south as Texas and New Mexico ( USA ), but absent in part of the Central Plains and the Arctic. Introduced to Australia ; see Corbet and Hill (1980:93) . STATUS: CITES - Appendix III ( India ) as V. v. griffithi , V. v. montana , and V. v. pusilla (= leucopus ). SYNONYMS: abietorum Merriam, 1900; acaab Cabrera, 1916 ; aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816; alascensis Merriam, 1900; alba Borkhausen, 1797 ; algeriensis Loche, 1858; alopex Blanford, 1881; alpherakyi Satunin, 1906; alticola Ognev, 1926; anadyrensis J. A. Allen, 1903; anatolica Thomas, 1920; anubis Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; arabica Thomas, 1902; atlantica Wagner, 1841 ; aurantioluteus Matschie, 1907; bangsi Merriam, 1900; barbarus Shaw, 1800 ; beringiana Middendorff, 1875; cascadensis Merriam, 1900; caucasico Dinnik, 1914; cinera Bechstein, 1801; communis Burnett, 1830 ; crucigera Bechstein, 1789; daurica Ognev, 1931 ; deletrix Bangs, 1898; dolichocrania Ognev, 1926; dorsalis Gray, 1837 ; eckloni Jacobi, 1923; flavescens Gray, 1843 ; fulvus Desmarest, 1820 ; griffithii Blyth, 1854 ; harrimani Merriam, 1900; himalaicus Ogilby, 1836; hoole Swinhoe, 1870; huli Sowerby, 1923 ; hypomelas Wagner, 1841; ichnusae Miller, 1907; indutus Miller, 1907; jakutensis Ognev, 1923; japonica Gray, 1868 ; kamtschadensis Brass, 1911; karagan Erxleben, 1777 ; kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 ; kiyomasai Kishida and Mori, 1929; krimeamontana Brauner, 1914; kurdistanica Satunin, 1906; ladacensis Matschie, 1907; leucopus Blyth, 1854 ; lineatus Billberg, 1827; lineiventer Swinhoe, 1870; lutea Bechstein, 1801; macrourus Baird, 1852; melanogaster Bonaparte, 1832; melanotus Pallas, 1811 ; meridionalis Fitzinger, 1855; montana Pearson, 1836 ; necator Merriam, 1900; nepalensis Gray, 1837 ; nigra Borkhausen, 1797 ; nigro-argenteus Nillson, 1820; nigrocaudatus Billberg, 1827; niloticus Desmarest, 1820 ; ochroxantha Ognev, 1926; palaestina Thomas, 1920; peculiosa Kishida, 1924; pennsylvanicus Rhoads, 1894; persicus Blanford, 1875; pusilla Blyth, 1854 ; regalis Merriam, 1900; rubricosa Bangs, 1898; schrencki Kishida, 1924; silaceus Miller, 1907; sitkaensis Brass, 1911; splendens Thomas, 1902; splendidissima Kishida, 1924; stepensis Brauner, 1914; tobolica Ognev, 1926; tschiliensis Matschie, 1907; ussuriensis Dybowski, 1922; vafra Bangs, 1897; variagatus Billberg, 1827; vulgaris Oken, 1816 ; vulpecula Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833; waddelli Bonhote, 1906.