Review of the plant bug genus Prolygus and related mirine taxa from eastern Asia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) Author Yasunaga, Tomohide Research Associate, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA, c / o Nameshi Author Schwartz, Michael D. - 33 - Author Chérot, Frédéric Département de l’Etude du Milieu Naturel et Agricole, Service Public de Wallonie, Gembloux, BE- 5030, Belgium; text Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 2018 Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae 2018-09-07 58 2 357 388 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aemnp-2018-0030 journal article 5802 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0030 16533e21-bbe3-46c1-a4ba-70fca1112446 1804-6487 4504807 D9893299-697F-4AA1-99D5-9575B313DB0D Anthophilolygus bakeri ( Poppius, 1915 ) comb. nov. ( Figs 56–57 , 66–67 , 78–80 , 99–105 , 126–130 ) Lygus bakeri Poppius, 1915: 30 (original description). Lygus bakeri : POPPIUS (1914) : 342 (key); SCHUH (1995) : 808 (catalog). Prolygus bakeri : SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER (1997) : 253 (new combination); KERZHNER & JOSIFOV (1999) : 172 (catalog); SCHUH (1995) : 941 (catalog); YASUNAGA (2001) : 260 (diagnosis); ZHENG et al. (2004) : 561 (diagnosis, key). Lygus tainanensis Poppius, 1915: 35 (original description). New synonym. Lygus tainanensis : POPPIUS (1914) : 340 (key); SCHUH (1995) : 827 (catalog). Prolygus tainanensis : SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER (1997) : 255 (new combination); KERZHNER & JOSIFOV (1999) : 173 (catalog); ZHENG et al. (2004) : 565 (diagnosis, key). Type material examined. Lygus bakeri : LECTOTYPE (designated by SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER 1997 ): ♁, TAIWAN : KAGI: Taihorinsho [= currently Dalin, 23.60, 120.47], 7 Nov, H . Sauter ( MZHF ) . PARALECTOTYPES : TAIWAN : KAOHSIUNG : Kosempo [= currently Kahsian (Jiaxian), 23.07, 120.60], April 1912 , H. Sauter, 1 ♁ ( DEIC , without USIs, image examined, Fig. 66 ). KAGI : Taihorinsho, 7 Nov 1909 , H. Sauter, 1 ♀ ( DEIC , without USIs, image examined, Fig. 66 ). Lygus tainanensis : LECTOTYPE (designated by CARVALHO 1980 ): ♀ , TAIWAN : TAINAN [City]: Feb 1909 , H. Sauter ( Fig. 67 , without USIs, image examined; genitalia dissected by the second author, HNHM ). Additional material examined. More than 300 specimens ( AMNH , BMNH , CNC , NIAES, NSMT , SNUK , TYCN ) from the following localities. JAPAN : KYUSHU: Nagasaki City, Nomo, Kabashima; Kagoshima Pref. , Yakushima & Tanegashima Islands – 1 ♁ from Nagasaki City, Nomo, Kabashima ( 32.5541 , 129.7750 ; current northernmost locality) with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380495). TOKARA ISLANDS: Takara-jima Is. AMAMI- OSHIMA ISLAND: Amami City, Kasari City, Tatsugo Town. OKINAWA ISLAND: Ginowan City, Kunigami Village, Motobu City, Nago City, Naha City, Chinen Peninsula. ISHIGAKI ISLAND: Ban’na Park, Hirakubo, Hirano, Itona, Kabira, Kuura, Miwa, Nosoko, Omoto, Sakie, Takeda. – 1 ♁ from Ishigaki Island Miwa (24.39, 124.21), with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380496). IRIOMOTE ISLAND: Funaura, Haemida, Komi, Mombanare, Ohara, Otomi, Shirahama, Uehara. HATERUMA ISLAND: Buribichi Park. YONAKUNI ISLAND: Urabe-dake. CAMBODIA : Siem Reap . LAOS : Vientiane . PHILIPPINES : LUZON : Los Banõs; Negros, Camp Lookout, Dumaguete; Visayas, Panay Island, Iloilo City. TAIWAN : PINTUNG: Hengchhun (22.00, 120.45), 1 ♁ with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380497); Manchu ( 22.02211 , 120.8443 ). TAINAN : Tainan Agriculture Research Station. THAILAND : CHIANG MAI: Doi Pui area. NAKHON RATCHASIMA: Wang Nam Khiao. NAKHON NAYOK : Sarika. ‒ 1 ♁ from Nakhon Ratchasima with USIs ( AMNH _PBI 00380498). Measurements (in mm). ♁/ ♀ : Total length of body 3.20– 3.65 / 3.50–4.10; head width including eyes 0.96 / 1.02; vertex width 0.28–0.29 / 0.37–0.38; lengths of antennal segments I–IV 0.48, 1.77, 0.90, 0.48 / 0.47, 1.55, 0.90, 0.54; labial length 1.38 / 1.50; mesal length of pronotum including collar 0.77 / 0.90; basal width of pronotum 1.35 / 1.62; maximum width across hemelytron 1.50 / 1.80; and lengths of metafemur, tibia and tarsus 1.58, 2.28, 0.57 / 1.73, 2.40, 0.53. Differential diagnosis. Recognized by moderate size ( 3.2–4.1 mm ); pale green general colouration, usually with reddish fasciae on hemelytron ( Figs 78–79 , but hemelytron sometimes widely pale as in Figs 63 , 66 ); reddish brown metafemur ( Fig. 56 ); developed pygophoral spine ( Fig. 126 ); elongate, not bifurcate hypophysis of left paramere; and long hair-like spinules on endosoma ( Fig. 128 ). Distinguished readily from the preceding A. alaneylesi sp. nov. by significantly larger size and reddish metafemur. Biology. This polyphagous mirid is associated with inflorescences of various dicots, such as Amaranthaceae , Anacardiaceae , Araliaceae , Asteraceae , Euphorbiaceae , Fabaceae , Fagaceae , Oleaceae , Rutaceae and Sabiaceae ( YASUNAGA 2001 ) ; the immature forms were also confirmed on Rhus javanica L. ( Simaroubaceae ), Mallotus spp. ( Euphorbiaceae ), Meliosma arnottiana (Wight) Walp. (Sabiaceae) , Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc. (Rutaceae) . Some individuals were found to feed on crops, cucumber, eggplant, mango or papaya.A multivoltine cycle is assumed for Anthophilolygus bakeri ; in subtropics and tropics, the adults are collected almost throughout a year. The adults are frequently attracted to UV lights, and occasionally hundreds of individuals were observed to visit light trap screens at night. Both adults and immature forms of Anthophilolygus bakeri comb. nov. are found dominantly on inflorescences of various dicots, evergreen broadleaf trees in particular; this taxon does not appear to be host plant specific, presumably utilizing pollen and/or honey dew as a major diet component. Distribution. Japan (Kyushu, Bonin Islands, Ryukyus) ( YASUNAGA & TAKAI 2014 ), Taiwan (almost whole country except for central highlands) ( POPPIUS 1915 and present records), Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Visayas) ( POPPIUS 1915 ; new record for Visayas), Cambodia ( Siem Reap ) (new record), Laos ( Vientiane ) (new record), Thailand ( Chaiyaphum , Chiang Mai , Nakhon Nayok , Nakhon Ratchasima ) (new records). Figs 94–105. Scanning electron micrographs for Anthophilolygus species. 94–98 – A. alaneylesi sp. nov. , ♁: 94 – left lateral surface; 95 – head and thorax, left lateral view; 96 – scent efferent system; 97 – pretarsus (hind leg); 98 – apical part of pygophore. 99–105 – A. bakeri ( Poppius, 1915 ) : 99 – ♀, dorsal surface; 100 – ♁, left lateral surface; 101 – ♀ dorsal vestiture (c: corium, p: pronotum, s: scutellum); 102 – ♁, scent efferent system; 103 – ♁, metatarsus; 104 – ♀, pretarsus (hind leg); 105 – pygophore, left lateral view. This widespread mirid has presumably been introduced to some Japanese subtropical islands ( YASUNAGA 2001 ), and is recently expanding its distribution northward in Japan , probably due to the global warming ( YASUNAGA & TAKAI 2014 ). Comments. Colouration is variable (reddish pattern on dorsum in particular). There are a few more unidentified congeners (with darker and larger dorsal maculae) in the Oriental Region (cf. Fig. 81 ); A. bakeri is generally paler than those mirids, with smaller dorsal maculae or fasciae. POPPIUS (1915) described Lygus tainanensis [later transferred to Prolygus by SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER (1997) ] from Taiwan , comparing it only with L. matsumurae Poppius, 1915 [placed in Neolygus by LU & ZHENG (1998b) ]. POPPIUS (1915) did not mention its similarity to Lygus bakeri , although pale female specimens of L. bakeri ( Figs 58 , 66 right) are nearly impossible to be distinguished from L. tainanensis ( Fig. 67 ). Based on the great similarity in habitus and female genitalia (cf. SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER 1997 : Figs 33–34 ), both species are regarded to be conspecific, and what was described as L. tainanensis is apparently a pale variant of L. bakeri , one of the most common mirids in Taiwan .Accordingly, a new synonymy is proposed: Anthophilolygus bakeri ( Poppius, 1915 ) = Prolygus tainanensis ( Poppius, 1915 ) , syn. nov. Both specific names were published simultaneously by POPPIUS (1915) and have been impartially treated by subsequent authors in 20th century ( CARVALHO 1959 , 1980 ; SCHUH 1995 ; SCHWARTZ & KERZHNER 1997 ; KERZHNER & JOSIFOV 1999 ). We presently select L. bakeri as valid name.