The genus Malthonica Simon, 1898 in the Iberian Peninsula (Araneae: Agelenidae)
Author
Barrientos, José Antonio
Author
Cardoso, Pedro
text
Zootaxa
2007
1460
59
68
journal article
10.5281/zenodo.176423
b0c0c4a2-6229-4a27-aa3b-14514d8b4fa7
1175-5326
176423
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
(
Figs 4–11
,
13
,
15
)
Type
material.
Type
series, all from Paúl do Boquilobo Nature Reserve,
Portugal
(N39º
23.385 W
008º32.478): male
holotype
,
08.X.2002
; female
paratype
1,
16
.VII.2002; male
paratype
2,
08
.X.2002; female
paratype
3,
16
.VII.2002; male
paratype
4,
08
.X.2002; male
paratype
5,
08
.X.2002; female
paratype
6,
16
.VII.2002; female
paratype
7,
16
.VII.2002.
The
type
material is deposited as follows: male
holotype
and female
paratype
1, in Museu Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (
Spain
);
paratypes
2 and 3, in the Natural History Museum of
Denmark
;
paratypes
4 to 7 in
the zoological collection of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (
Spain
).
Diagnosis.
Comparing the two Iberian species of the genus,
Malthonica lusitanica
and
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
, a number of characters allow an easy recognition of the species. In males, while
M. lusitanica
presents a ventral apophysis besides the retrolateral tibial apophysis (
rta
) with irregular borders (
Figs 1–2
), the
rta
is the only one and has a smooth appearance in
M. oceanica
sp. n.
(
Figs 4–5
). The embolus (
e
) is strongly developed in
M. lusitanica
, describing an almost complete circle, being reduced to a small appendix in
M. oceanica
sp. n.
; the conductor (
c
) is much more developed in the first than in the latter species. Finally, the median apophysis (
ma
) is well defined in
M. lusitanica
with a spatulate appearance, being less defined, with a larger base and a pointed tip in
M. oceanica
sp. n
.. In females, the development of a posterior transversal plate in
M. lusitanica
, the epigynal bar (
eb
), compared with its absence in the epigynum of
M. oceanica
sp. n.
, allows an easy recognition (
Figs 3
,
6
).
Etymology.
The name refers to the oceanic environment of the area where the species is found; adjective.
Description.
Coloration and hair pattern of body
(table 1,
Figs 8–9
): Two irregular longitudinal dark bands in the carapace, with diffused pigmentation in a series of radial markings, a median light yellowish band with a well defined longitudinal stripe corresponding to the fovea and narrow light bands on both sides (close to the margin of the carapace, in the thoracic part). Considerably darker eye area (
Fig. 10
). Carapace covered by thin and sparse white hairs, together with some very thin brown hairs, especially laterally and in its posterior area. Dark reddish coloration of the chelicerae with barely visible lateral condyles and three denticles preceded by long dense hairs in the front margin, especially in the apical area; a series of five minute denticles at the rear margin is preceded by a larger tooth, apical and separated from the rest. Ventral body view presenting sparse white hairs, barely visible, and conspicuous long, straight brown or black hairs. Dark sternum, with higher density of brown pigment in the lateral areas close to the light brown coxae. Opisthosoma with straight brown hairs, transparent hairs and some feathery hairs, small and barely visible (only on the dorsal view). Brown pigmentation covers the dorsal area, creating well defined inverted v-shaped patches, especially in the posterior half. Dorsal area considerably darker than the ventral area, loosing intensity at both sides and turning into a light yellow ventral area. Spinnerets grouped in the typical disposition of the family, with very dark pigmentation, particularly the basal segments (
Fig. 11
).
Eye group:
Typical eye formation for the genus. Both eye rows with clear procurved disposition when seen from above and clypeus narrower than the diameter of the lateral anterior eyes. Diameter of the male
holotype
eyes as follows (larger diameter, in mm): lateral anterior = 0.11, median anterior = 0.07, lateral posterior = 0.09, median posterior = 0.09.
Legs and pedipalps
(tables 2–3): All with brown-yellow coloration, darkening distally. Ventral femora with three dark stripes, somewhat irregular and disappearing laterally. Dark patellae and a couple of annulations on tibiae, contrasting with the rest of the segment. Progressively denser leg pilosity distally. Spines also more abundant distally, except for spineless tarsi. Dorsal trichobothria on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi. Scopulate tarsi. Paired claws pectinate in the ventral face (with five visible denticles) and unpaired claw with no visible denticles, reaching two-thirds of the other claws’ length.
FIGURES 4–11. FIGS 4–5.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
, male holotype. Ventral (4) and retrolateral (5) views of left male pedipalp. (
rta
= retrolateral tibial apophysis;
ma
= median apophysis;
c
= conductor;
e
= embolus).
FIGURES 6– 7.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
, female paratype 1. Epigynum (6) and vulva (7) ventral views. (
cd
= copulatory ducts;
s
= spermathecae;
fd
= fertilization ducts).
FIGS 8–9.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
, male holotype. Dorsal (8) and ventral (9) views of body.
FIGS 10–11.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
, male holotype. Frontal view of eyes (10) and ventral view of spinnerets (11).
TABLE 1.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
General measures (in mm) of body and posterior spinnerets (type material).
Cardoso leg. carapace carapace total body basal segment of apical segment of reference length width length posterior spinneret posterior spinneret coxa trochanter femur patella tibia metatarsus tarsus total
Male genitalia:
Tibia widening distally, especially in the retrolateral side which presents a single apophysis – the retrolateral tibial apophysis (
Figs 4–5
) - wide, blunt and curved. Sides and internal face of the tibia with many hairs, including a number of long and thick hairs, especially the latter. Cymbium with numerous heterogeneous hairs, denser distally and with several longer and thicker hairs. Cymbium ending in a narrow tip. Basal part of the
tegulum
with a pointed projection (
Fig. 5
), the median apophysis, and in front of it, a slightly arched and more sclerotized structure corresponding to the embolus plus conductor. A wide tegular area, oval-shaped, occupying the two basal thirds of the alveolus (
Fig. 4
). Distal part of the bulb with a wide internal conduct in a semi-circle and a couple of dark curved ridges at the external side.
| Holotype male |
5036 |
1.79 |
1.24 |
3.55 |
0.24 |
0.15 |
| Paratype 1 (female) |
4861 |
2.14 |
1.40 |
4.17 |
0.26 |
0.17 |
| Paratype 2 (male) |
5036 |
1.63 |
1.13 |
3.27 |
0.20 |
0.13 |
| Paratype 3 (female) |
4861 |
2.26 |
1.56 |
4.64 |
0.26 |
0.17 |
| Paratype 4 (male) |
5036 |
1.83 |
1.20 |
3.78 |
0.24 |
0.19 |
| Paratype 5 (male) |
5036 |
1.79 |
1.20 |
3.82 |
0.26 |
0.21 |
| Paratype 6 (female) |
4861 |
2.18 |
1.48 |
4.64 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
| Paratype 7 (female) |
4861 |
1.79 |
1.20 |
4.05 |
0.22 |
0.17 |
TABLE 2.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
Measures (in mm) of leg segments, in male holotype and, in parenthesis, measures (mm ± SE) in male type series (n = 4, including the holotype).
| Pedipalp |
- (-) |
0.09 (0.09 ± 0.01) |
0.62 (0.60 ± 0.01) |
0.19 (0.21 ± 0.01) |
0.23 (0.25 ± 0.01) |
- (-) |
0.54 (0.58 ± 0.02) |
1.67 (1.73 ± 0.04) |
| Leg I |
0.39 (0.41 ± 0.01) |
0.13 (0.15 ± 0.01) |
1.28 (1.35 ± 0.05) |
0.54 (0.48 ± 0.02) |
1.28 (1.27 ± 0.04) |
1.36 (1.41 ± 0.04) |
0.97 (1.01 ± 0.03) |
5.95 (6.09 ± 0.15) |
| Leg II |
0.39 (0.41 ± 0.01) |
0.13 (0.14 ± 0.01) |
1.36 (1.32 ± 0.05) |
0.54 (0.48 ± 0.02) |
1.09 (1.09 ± 0.03) |
1.36 (1.31 ± 0.06) |
0.86 (0.89 ± 0.04) |
5.73 (5.63 ± 0.16) |
| Leg III |
0.39 (0.4 ± 0.01) |
0.13 (0.14 ± 0.01) |
1.32 (1.31 ± 0.04) |
0.50 (0.47 ± 0.02) |
1.01 (1.00 ± 0.04) |
1.36 (1.37 ± 0.02) |
0.86 (0.80 ± 0.02) |
5.57 (5.48 ± 0.08) |
| Leg IV |
0.46 (0.53 ± 0.05) |
0.13 (0.15 ± 0.01) |
1.75 (1.77 ± 0.04) |
0.58 (0.53 ± 0.02) |
1.48 (1.54 ± 0.04) |
1.99 (2.01 ± 0.07) |
1.13 (1.06 ± 0.06) |
7.52 (7.59 ± 0.19) |
TABLE 3.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
Measures (mm ± SE) of leg segments, in female type series (n = 4).
| coxa |
trochanter |
femur |
patella |
tibia |
metatarsus |
tarsus |
total |
| Pedipalp |
- |
0.09 ± 0.008 |
0.59 ± 0.004 |
0.26 ± 0.019 |
0.40 ± 0.023 |
- |
0.69 ± 0.038 |
2.03 ± 0.122 |
| Leg I |
0.43 ± 0.009 |
0.16 ± 0.01 |
1.39 ± 0.091 |
0.56 ± 0.02 |
1.20 ± 0.083 |
1.23 ± 0.093 |
0.95 ± 0.041 |
5.92 ± 0.315 |
| Leg II |
0.43 ± 0.01 |
0.16 ± 0.01 |
1.28 ± 0.097 |
0.54 ± 0.041 |
1.00 ± 0.089 |
1.07 ± 0.047 |
0.82 ± 0.056 |
5.31 ± 0.314 |
| Leg III |
0.47 ± 0.025 |
0.16 ± 0.01 |
1.37 ± 0.096 |
0.54 ± 0.041 |
0.96 ± 0.078 |
1.25 ± 0.07 |
0.77 ± 0.025 |
5.53 ± 0.322 |
| Leg IV |
0.59 ± 0.026 |
0.19 ± 0.014 |
1.77 ± 0.094 |
0.61 ± 0.052 |
1.53 ± 0.101 |
1.90 ± 0.107 |
0.99 ± 0.047 |
7.58 ± 0.403 |
Female genitalia:
Epigynum (
Fig. 6
) with a sclerotized area of semi-circular shape; at the median posterior area, close to the epigastric furrow, between two minute spine-like formations, a sub-membranous hairless area is present. Some diffused shadows denote the spermathecae. The internal ducts (
Fig. 7
), differentiate three symmetrically arranged paired elements: the copulatory ducts, the spermathecae and the fertilization ducts. Copulatory ducts turning 250º, from their beginning in the central section to their connection with the spermathecae. These are wide, without apparent delimited divisions, curved in an open semicircle towards the back and have a high degree of sclerotization, allowing their easy recognition. Fertilisation ducts, arising laterally from the spermathecae, being less sclerotized, forming a semicircle and becoming almost invisible close to the epigastric furrow.
Natural history
Distribution.
Although both species have been described from
Portugal
and being this the region where they are apparently most common,
Malthonica lusitanica
seems to be more widespread than
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n
.. The predicted distribution of the first species occupies almost the entire Atlantic area of the Iberian Peninsula, including the coastal areas of
Portugal
, northern
Spain
and extending towards south-western
France
(
Fig. 12
). The distribution range of the newly described species seems to be more restricted, being only known from
Portugal
but possibly extending its distribution towards Galicia in north-western
Spain
(
Fig. 13
). Nevertheless, where
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
is present, usually
M. lusitanica
also occurs, often even at the same time of the year.
FIGURES 12–13.
Localities and predicted potential distribution of
Malthonica lusitanica
(12) and
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
(13) based on all available records, including literature and the collection of António de Barros Machado. Ecological niche modelling analysis as implemented by the DOMAIN algorithm was used (Carpenter et al. 1993).
Phenology.
The phenology of both species presents remarkable similarities, with both being mostly captured in pitfall traps during October (
Figs 14–15
). This abundance peak is mostly caused by the large abundance of females. On the other hand, there are also some differences.
Malthonica lusitanica
presents a first spring/summer peak, which is exclusively caused by males. The species is also present during all the winter period, although in relatively low abundance. The data suggests that a single generation occurs every year or that two generations are superimposing each other.
Malthonica oceanica
sp. n.
presents the same first peak that in this case is caused by both males and females, during late spring and early summer. It is almost absent from the winter collecting. It is apparent then, that this species has two generations every year, each corresponding to the richness peaks of spider diversity in Mediterranean regions (Cardoso et al. in press).
Habitat
types
.
Both species show a clear preference for sites with a dense tree cover and a relatively deep litter. It is hard therefore to predict which species occurs in which habitat
type
. Moreover, as already noted, they frequently live in syntopy, both spatial and temporal.