Unraveling the white-clothed Diestostemma Amyot & Serville: a taxonomic revision of the American sharpshooters of the D. bituberculatum complex (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Author Pinto, Ângelo Parise Author Mejdalani, Gabriel Author Takiya, Daniela Maeda text Zootaxa 2017 4281 1 135 164 journal article 28697 10.11646/zootaxa.4281.1.14 da5b3047-b669-4276-89ef-69ecf31d33ff 1175-5326 816007 DE0BD9D9-B661-43DF-90BA-4F31C4B3ADC9 Diestostemma gervasioi sp. nov. LSID http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:07E791B4-52BA-45BC-B74B-C7AE92F71F5A ( Figures 7–8 , 21–22 , 31–32 , 43–44 , 50–51 , 66–68 , 81–83 , 90 , 93 ) Material examined ( 1 ♂, 1 ♀ ). Holotype ♂ . ECUADOR . Orellana [ Province : Francisco de Orellana Canton], Reserva Étnica Waorani, Transect Ent., 1 km S. Onkone Gare Camp. , Fogging terre [sic, terra] firme forest, lot#1039 ( 00°39’10”S , 076°26’00”W , 248 m a.s.l. ), 12.II.1995 , T.L. Erwin et al. leg. ( EPNC ) ; 1 ♀ paratype , same data as the holotype but ( USNM ) . Measurements of the male holotype (mm). Total length (from anterior of head to tip of forewings) 19.4; crown length 2.3; transocular distance 3.6; interocular distance 2.4; distance between compound eye and mesal line 1.2; distance between ocellus and mesal line 0.8; pronotal disc maximum width 4.4; pronotal disc maximum length 3.5; forewing length 13.8; metathoracic femur length 3.4; metathoracic tibia length 6.1. FIGURES 31–36. Female habitus of species of the Diestostemma bituberculatum complex in dorsal (31, 33, 35) and lateral (32, 34, 36) views. 31–32. Paratype of D. gervasioi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, USNM); 33–34. Paratype of D. olivia sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, USNM); 35–36. D. rubriventris (Schmidt, 1928) (Peru, Madre de Dios Department, DZRJ). Scale bars = 5 mm. FIGURES 37–45. Habitus of males (37, 39, 41, 43) and females (38, 40, 42, 44–45) of the Diestostemma bituberculatum species complex in ventral view. 37–38. Holotype and paratype of D. albinoi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC, USNM); 39–40. D. bituberculatum (Signoret, 1855) (French Guiana, Cayenne Arrondissement, INHS, DZRJ); 41–42. Holotype and paratype of D. olivia sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC, USNM); 43–44. Holotype and paratype of D. gervasioi sp. nov. (Ecuador, Orellana Province, EPNC, USNM); 45. D. rubriventris (Schmidt, 1928) (Peru, Madre de Dios Department, DZRJ). Scale bars = 5 mm. FIGURES 46–55 . Diagrammatic representation of the sclerotized dark vein (SDV) areas of forewings of males (46, 48, 50, 52) and females (47, 49, 51, 53–55) of the Diestostemma bituberculatum species complex in dorsal view. 46–47. D. albinoi sp. nov. ; 48–49. D. bituberculatum (Signoret, 1855) ; 50–51. D. gervasioi sp. nov. ; 52–53. D. olivia sp. nov. ; 54–55. D. rubriventris (Schmidt, 1928) . Abbreviations: AM = anal margin; CM = costal margin; CS = claval suture. Description of the male holotype . Head ( Figs. 7 , 21–22 ). Crown maximum length 0.65 of transocular distance and about same length of interocular distance (ratio of 0.98) in dorsal view; anterior margin rounded with small concavity at insertion of nymphal blade-like frontal process; epicranial suture slightly distinct; posterior portion with barely distinct M-shaped elevation from ocellar base to posterior margin, connected laterally to strong ridge posterior to ocular suture; lateral portions of frons with deep muscle impressions and median portion flattened, dorsal surface convex; frontogenal suture extending onto crown to ocellar level. Ocellus located at level of anterior limit of compound eye, distinctly closer to eye than mesal line (ratio of distances between ocellus and eye with eye to mesal line of 0.35). Epistomal suture indistinct. Clypeus anterior margin at level of profile of frons in lateral view. Thorax ( Figs. 7 , 21–22 ). Pronotum maximum width at posterolateral angles 1.3 times wider than transocular distance; maximum length (at level of humps) 1.5 times longer than crown length; lateral margins convergent anteriorly; disc sculptured dorsally by punctures and callosities, punctures numerous and closer to each other at posterior 0.66; pair of small bean-shaped anterolateral pits posterior to anterior margin, followed by smooth polished elevated area; anteromesal area depressed into rhombus shape bordered by elevated polished areas (callosities); posterior 0.33 dorsally projected into two rounded humps; V-shaped mesal callosity bordering rhombus depressed anterior area; small mesal callus at posterior margin; posterior margin sinuous with widened Wshaped outline; dorsolateral carina (dorsopleural carina sensu Young 1968 ) ill-defined anteriorly, rounded; lateral lobe of pronotum punctured, with median rounded ridge, posterior margin projected into short triangular process (genus thumb-like process). Mesonotum not punctate; pairs of rounded pits at scutum and rounded processes at division between scutum and scutellum; scutellum with longitudinal carina at about posterior 0.5 up to apex. Forewing coriaceous (tegmen appearance); surface strongly punctured, punctures minute at distal area; venation sclerotized and moderately elevated at posterior 0.5 of corium, reticulate, except area from brachial cell to anal margin of wing, including first apical cell; three distinct sclerotized dark vein areas (SDV): (1) a small rounded area at proximal edge of first discal cell, (2) a larger oval area at claval sulcus, adjacent and posterior to first one, and (3) a large H-shaped area located at about proximal 0.25 of wing, between ScP&RA&M and claval sulcus. Hind wings membranous and densely coated by brochosomes. Metathoracic leg with femoral chaetotaxy with setal formula 2:1:0:0 (AD1 and PD1 + AD2); tibia with anteroventral row of flattened and same size setae along entire length, posteroventral row dimorphic, with hair-like longer setae at about proximal 0.66 and with shorter flattened setae at distal 0.33; ratio of length of each individual tarsomere by total tarsus length (excluding pretarsus) equal to 0.41, 0.29 and 0.29, respectively. Coloration. Head and thorax ground color whitish-yellow to ochre with few light brown to brown irregular areas. Crown with pair of light brown spots over M-shaped elevation adjacent to posterior margin, larger than ocelli. Pronotal disc orange-yellow over V-shaped mesal anterior callosity; lateral and ventral surfaces of thorax similar in color to dorsal surface, legs whitish-yellow ochre to dark yellow, darker at tibiotarsal articulations, tibial carinae and over dorsal surface of tarsus. Forewing with three SDVs, two small rounded basal spots and a large typical H-shaped marking at anterior 0.25 of wing; entire anal margin of clavus, continuing over inner margin of apical cell, light brown to brown. Hind wings translucent white. Abdomen largely yellowish-white except for yellow genital capsule and dark brown aedeagus. Male terminalia (based on the holotype ). Pygofer ( Fig. 66 ) dorsal margin slightly concave at middle; posterior margin rounded, dorsoposterior margin with wide concavity; long microsetae distributed throughout lobe, numerous near posterior margin. Valve, in ventral view, transverse, subrectangular; fused laterally to pygofer lobe; articulated to subgenital plate. Subgenital plate ( Fig. 67 ) 1.1 times longer than wide at base in ventral view; posterior and internal margin forming acute angle; dorsal surface with strong tooth-like process near outer margin, associated with style apex; microsetae distributed throughout ventral surface, tuft of longer setae at dorsoposterior angle. Style ( Fig. 68 ) with apex long and narrow, with pair of lateral minute spine-like processes at lateral margin. Connective ( Fig. 68 ) 2.2 times longer than maximum width; arms joined anteriorly in dorsal view. Aedeagus ( Figs. 81–83 ) strongly sclerotized; shaft broad at base, gradually narrowing distally into cylindrical, curved, sickleshaped shaft in lateral view, anterior margin with basal hump in lateral view; shaft posterodistal portion membranous; basiventral process cylindrical up to about proximal 0.6, bulbous with a minute knob process basally, slightly constricted before bifurcating into pair of blade-like strongly flattened rami; rami of basiventral processes with their tips distinctly surpassing shaft apex, distally gradually divergent in posterior view, with flattened surface undulate (somewhat plicate) and laterally faced. Female terminalia. Sternite VII ( Fig. 90 ) with maximum width about 1.5 of mesal length in ventral view; posterior margin sinuous, with three convex lobes, mesal lobe slightly projected into rounded triangular plate, not extending distally as far as lateral ones, lateral lobes strongly projected into two broad blades. Variation of paratypes . The female paratype is very similar to the holotype ; minor differences are here described. Crown maximum length 0.54 of transocular distance; anterior margin distinctly more rounded; Mshaped elevation more projected. Ratio of distances between ocellus and eye with eye to mesal line 0.17. Scutellar longitudinal carina ill-defined. Forewing with the large H-shaped sclerotized dark vein area (SDV) lacking a central portion (stem), resulting in two separate spots ( Figs. 32 , 51 ). Metathoracic leg with femoral chaetotaxy with setal formula 2:0:0:0. Measurements (mm, n = 1). Female larger than male. Total length (from anterior of head to tip of forewings) 21.5; crown length 2.4; interocular distance 2.7; transocular distance 4.1; distance between compound eyes and mesal line 1.3; distance between ocellus and mesal line 1.1; pronotal disc maximum width 4.8; pronotal disc maximum length 4.0; forewing length 15.9; metathoracic femur length 4.0; metathoracic tibia length 7.5. Diagnosis. A large, dorsolaterally white and ventrally yellowish-white Diestostemma with two pronotal humps and small dark areas on the forewing. Males and females of D. gervasioi sp. nov. are amongst the palest specimens with few dark areas on the crown and pronotum, being similar in this regard to D. bituberculatum , D. cavichiolii sp. nov. , and D. rubriventris , all virtually without dark areas on the pronotal disc. The H-shaped distal SDV on forewing ( Figs. 50–51 ) will separate it from D. rubriventris ( Figs. 54–55 ); the yellowish-brown abdomen ( Figs. 43–44 ) from the ventrally realgar colored D. bituberculatum ( Figs. 39–40 ) and the strongly projected pronotal humps ( Figs. 7–8 , 22 ) separate it from the less humped D. cavichiolii sp. nov. ( Figs. 5–6 , 19 ). Males can be distinguished from all known males of the D. bituberculatum complex, except D. cavichiolii sp. nov. and D. olivia sp. nov. , by the rami of the aedeagal basiventral process obtusely curved anteriorly and gradually tapering to apex in lateral view ( Fig. 81 ; abruptly curved in D. bituberculatum and preapically expanded in D. albinoi sp. nov. , Figs. 72, 75 ). The proximal portion of the basiventral process without median process and flattened rami allow its distinction from D. cavichiolii sp. nov. ( Figs. 81–83 ; basiventral process with median spine-like process and rami preapically biconical in posterior view in D. cavichiolii sp. nov. , Figs. 78–80 ). Finally, the aedeagus of D. gervasioi sp. nov. is similar to that of D. olivia sp. nov. , from which it can be separated by the basiventral process bifurcated proximally at about 0.60 of length ( Fig. 82 ; distally at about 0.75 in D. olivia sp. nov. , Fig. 84 ), not strongly curved anteriorly ( Fig. 81 ; distinctly curved over aedeagus shaft in D. olivia sp. nov. , Fig. 84 ), and somewhat plicate in posterior view ( Figs. 82–84 ; with single large preapical concavity in D. olivia sp. nov. , Figs. 85–86 ). Females with the posterior margin of sternite VII bilobed (mesal margin slightly projected) and with lateral lobes extending distally beyond mesal margin will separate D. gervasioi sp. nov. from the trilobed sternite VII of other species ( Fig. 90 ; D. albinoi sp. nov. , D. bituberculatum , and D. olivia sp. nov. , Figs. 87–88, 91 ). The new species can be distinguished from other species with bilobed sternite VII ( D. cavichiolii sp. nov. and D. rubriventris ) by the lateral lobes uncarinated and tips almost parallel in ventral view ( Fig. 90 ; lateral lobes carinated and tips divergent in D. cavichiolii sp. nov. , Fig. 89 ) and shorter sternite VII with ratio between maximum width and mesal length 1.5 ( Fig. 90 ; ratio 1.3 in D. rubriventris , Fig. 92 ). Distribution. Known only from the type locality at Reserva Étnica Waorani, Orellana Province , in the Amazonian Forest of Ecuador ( Fig. 93 ). Biological and ecological data. Similarly to D. albinoi sp. nov. , probably a canopy dweller species (see data on that species). Etymology. Specific name based on the given name in genitive singular after the eminent spittlebug specialist Gervásio da Silva Carvalho (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul ), a former student of Dr. A.M. Sakakibara and former advisor of the first author, in honor of his contribution to our knowledge of that group of insects. Remarks . The distinction between D. gervasioi sp. nov. and D. olivia sp. nov. proved to be difficult. Our hypothesis that they are distinct is based on the smaller size of D. gervasioi sp. nov. and largely on the association between male and female. Male terminalia are very similar, in spite of the significant differences observed, which were provided in the key and in the diagnosis, while the female sternite VII shape provides additional support for recognizing two distinct taxonomic entities. Considering the available specimens, we are confident about treating them as two distinct species. On the other hand, the large concavities on the rami of basiventral process of aedeagus of D. gervasioi sp. nov. are similar to those observed in D. cavichiolii sp. nov. , and it has a very small basal knob at the same position of the spine-like process observed in D. cavichiolii sp. nov. Further investigations should be undertaken to study the relationships among these species.