Atlas of European millipedes 3: Order Chordeumatida (Class Diplopoda) Author Kime, Richard Desmond 847CC68F-00BF-4DAB-8E53-B7A3384D66C1 La Fontaine, La-Chapelle-Montmoreau, 24300 Nontron, France. deskime2@aol.com Author Enghoff, Henrik FB09A817-000D-43C3-BCC4-2BC1E5373635 Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 25, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. henghoff@snm.ku.dk text European Journal of Taxonomy 2021 2021-09-22 769 1 244 http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.769.1497 journal article 3959 10.5852/ejt.2021.769.1497 ad810ed8-176c-4016-980e-5aff5cef4931 2118-9773 5536353 6384213C-8966-4349-A695-225C5CA0BC2F 210. Craspedosoma raulinsii Leach, 1814 Fig. 1C Craspedosoma raulinsii Leach, 1814 . Craspedosoma rawlinsii Leach, 1815 . Craspedosoma simile Verhoeff, 1891 . Craspedosoma transsilvanicum Verhoeff, 1897 . Craspedosoma alemannicum Verhoeff, 1910 . Craspedosoma suevicum Verhoeff, 1910 . Craspedosoma wehranum Verhoeff, 1910 . Craspedosoma simile vomrathi Verhoeff, 1910 . Craspedosoma simile germanicum Verhoeff, 1910 . Craspedosoma vomrathi auct. Craspedosoma germanicum auct. Distribution AT, BA, BG, BE, BY, CH , CZ, DE, DK-DEN, FI, FR-COR?, FR-FRA, GB-GRB, GB-NI, HR, HU, IE, IT-ITA, LT, LU, LV, NL, NO-NOR, PL, RO, RU-KGD, RU-RUC, SB, SE, SI, SK. Introduced in North America. Habitat Mostly in woodland, e.g., Alnus swamps, prefers high humidity, often on sandy soils; sometimes in coniferous forests and more open habitats. A pioneer species in abandoned lignite (brown coal) mining areas ( Hauser & Voigtländer 2019 ). Its pioneering properties are also reflected in the isolated occurrences in Russia and North-Central Sweden . Up to 1540 m a.s.l. in Switzerland . Remarks This is the only species of Chordeumatida which has been introduced to another continent. See McAlpine & Shear (2018) for a discussion of the occurrence in North America and the spelling of the species epithet (also see Dolejš & Kocourek 2019 on the spelling issue). Craspedosoma raulinsii is highly variable, and a very large number of subspecies, varieties and subvarieties have been described. The taxa alemannicum Verhoeff, 1910 , germanicum Verhoeff, 1910 , vomrathi Verhoeff, 1910 , and transsilvanicum have all been regarded as separate species by some authors, e.g., in the well-known handbook by Schubart (1934) . Spelda (1991) and Hauser (2004a) analysed the extremely complex taxonomy of this group of taxa. As a result, Hauser (2004a) recognized a number of subspecies, regarded germanicum as a group of morphologically indistinguishable hybrids between various other subspecies, and provided extensive lists of synonyms. See also under C. blaniulides . This species seems recently to have expanded its range in northeastern Europe. It had not been recorded from Estonia until 2010, but is now widespread in the country ( Sammet et al. 2018 ). It is also a newcomer in the fauna of Latvia where it is now common in a variety of habitats ( Spuņģis 2010 ). The first record from Russia outside the Kaliningrad region was from a park in Moscow and is probably due to a recent introduction ( Golovatch & Matyukhin 2011 ).