Desert diversification: revision of Agroecotettix Bruner, 1908 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Melanoplinae) with descriptions of sixteen new species from the United States and Mexico Author Hill, JoVonn G. 0000-0002-1892-7117 Mississippi Entomological Museum, Department of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA text ZooKeys 2024 2024-11-21 1218 177 230 journal article 10.3897/zookeys.1218.133703 1E047454-E700-4FE4-A8FE-5828F5797980 Agroecotettix Bruner 1908 Diagnosis. A genus of medium-sized ( 18–31.1 mm ) brachypterous grasshoppers (Fig. 1 ). Head large and as broad or slightly broader than the prozona; vertex between the eyes slightly wider than the basal antennomere; fastigium broadly rounded being more pronounced dorsally than ventrally, with a shallow medial depression throughout. Eyes somewhat prominent, especially in males. Three ocelli present. Antennae filiform, usually with 23 flagellomeres, but occasionally 24 or 25; nearly cylindrical, but slightly flattened dorso-ventrally; equal in width throughout, except two basal articles. Thorax with prosternal spine well-developed; subquadrate basally and acutely pointed distally. Pronotum slightly convex, anterior and caudal margins sub-truncate, lateral margins sub parallel. Prozona mostly smooth, with light punctation along the apical margin, then smooth throughout; lateral lobes quadrate (more so in females) with parallel lateral margins and the ventral margin sloping ventrally caudally. Metazona punctate throughout, with humeral margins rounded, slightly diverging posteriorly in dorsal view. Median carina low, but distinct throughout, except where the sulci cross it. Anterior, median, and posterior sulci are apparent due to their black coloration, and all dissect the median carina and nearly reach the ventral margin of the lateral lobes. Lateral pronotal margins broadly rounded on the prozona and slightly angular on the metazona. Interspace between mesosternal lobes nearly twice as long as broad. Tegmina broadly oval; dorsal margins only slightly separated dorsally; strongly veined; extending little past the anterior margin of the first abdominal tergite. Pro and meso thoracic legs robust, inflated, and bowed. Hind femur enlarged with basal end bi-lobed. Hind tibia with 11 or 12 pairs of spines, but typically 11. Tympanum present under tegmina, appearing as an opaque whitish disk. Abdomen cylindrical with distal portion distinctly, but not greatly enlarged. Terminalia of male with bifurcate cerci (Figs 2 A – T , 3 A, B ), longer than wide, but the length and angle of the branches varies between species, the dorsal branch is rounded distally and flattened ventrally, the ventral branch is produced as straight and slender spike. Subgenital plate with a low but even margin. Furcula (Fig. 3 A ) typically broadly rounded protuberances, projecting slightly beyond the end of the segment from which they originate; well separated. Supra-anal plate (Fig. 3 A, B ) of male broadly triangular, length equal to the width of the base, with the median groove anteriorly distinct with elevated sides that fade caudally; with a small median tubercule lateral to the groove. Pallium evident, sometimes prominent (Fig. 7 B ) and covering the dorsally projecting internal genitalia. Phallic structures (Fig. 3 C – F ). The valves of the aedeagus are quite variable between species, but in Agroecotettix the dorsal and ventral valves appear to be fused into a single structure that when paired bilaterally form a central channel. In the aristus group, the sheath of the aedeagus is produced as thickened, fleshy projections on the dorsal side of the valves (Figs 4 A – F , 5 A – F ). The valves in the aristus group are entire in lateral profile (Fig. 5 A – F ). In the crypsidomus group, the sheath of the aedeagus is produced as thin projections on the dorsal side of the valves (Figs 4 G – R , 5 G – R ). The valves of most species in the crypsidomus group are often lobate or undulate in lateral profile, though some are entire (Fig. 5 G – R ). The epiphallus is of the typical melanoploid shape, having lophi, ancorae, and an undivided bridge, but more precisely, members of Agroecotettix have a concave bridge, broadly rounded lophi, convexly curved lateral plates that are subdeltate in shape with a rounded anterior lobe and an acuminate caudal tip, and ancorae that are triangular, often tapering to a point (Fig. 3 C, D ). Habitus illustrations of Agroecotettix aristus A male B female. Created by Ashley Baker. Agroecotettix cerci in lateral view unless noted otherwise A A. aristus B A. silverheelsi C A. xiphophorus D A. xiphophorus ventral view E A. texmex F A. cumbres G A. crypsidomus H A. chisosensis I A. dorni J A. burtoni K A. turneri L A. quitmanensis M A. moorei N A. chiantiensis O A. vaquero P A. forcipatus Q A. kahloae R A kahloae ventral view S A. idic lateral view T A. idic dorsal. Morphology of the male terminalia and phallic complex of Agroecotettix used in this work A dorsal view of male terminalia B Lateral view of the male terminalia C dorsal view of the phallic complex D lateral view of the phallic complex E epiphallus dorsal and caudal views F caudal view of the aedeagus. Caudal view of the aedeagus of Agroecotettix A . A. silverheelsi B A. aristus C A. xiphophorus D A. glochinos E A. texmex F A. cumbres G A. crypsidomus H A. burtoni I A. moorei J A. chiantiensis K A. forcipatus L A. quitmanensis M A. dorni N A. chisosensis O A. turneri P A. vaquero Q A. idic R A. kahloae . Scale bars: 1.0 mm. Lateral view of the aedeagus of Agroecotettix A A. silverheelsi B A. aristus C A. xiphophorus D A. glochinos E A. texmex F A. cumbres G A. crypsidomus H A. burtoni I A. moorei J A. chiantiensis K A. forcipatus L A. quitmanensis M A. dorni N A. chisosensis O A. turneri P A. vaquero Q A. idic R A. kahloae . Females are similar to the males, but differ in being larger, more robust, with proportionately broader tegmina, and in the shape of the terminalia (Figs 1 B , 6 , 15 C, E , 16 D , 17 E, F , 18 G, H , 19 D , 21 C ). Terminalia of female with triangular cerci and ovipositor valves that are subequal in length. The dorsal valves with their dorsum being nodose to slightly serrate proximally and concave and upcurving to a tip distally. The ventral valves with their ventral margins straight basally and then arching distally (Fig. 6 ). Habitus of type specimen of Agroecotettix modestus . Agroecotettix silverheelsi A dorsal view of male terminalia B lateral view of male terminalia C dorsal view of phallic complex D lateral view of phallic complex E dorsal view of aedeagus F lateral view of aedeagus G caudal view of the aedeagus H dorsal view of epiphallus I caudal view of epiphallus J habitus. Coloration. Ochraceous (brownish yellow) overall, with individual variation that can be either a tawny or cinereous hue (see Figs 2635 ), with a conspicuous round, lighter tawny spot laterad on the metathorax near the bast of the tegmina. Head with black markings, including a band along the dorsum, flecks on the genae and a post-ocular stripe. Pronotum with the post-ocular stripe continuing onto the prozona and mesosoma and then disappearing on the metazona; median carinae and sulci black. The wings are dark brown with a network of ochraceous veins. Abdomen with proximal tergites suffused with black spots. Ventral surface of the body pale with black sutures between the sternites. Male subgenital plate with a medial black spot. The fore and middle legs unmarked. The hind femur with two thick transverse bands laterally and suffused with black dorsally; genicular area black with ochraceous lobes; inner face bright yellow, and coral-red ventrally and crossed by black bands distally. Hind tibia with the first third ochraceous proximally, then with a ring of black, remaining two-thirds bright coral red with black tipped spines. Etymology. Agro Latin = open country, eco Greek home, tettix Greek grasshopper. Suggested common name. Aridland scrub jumpers . In reference to the arid habitat and plant community in which these grasshoppers are found. Agroecotettix superficially resemble Phaulotettix , but can be differentiated as follows: Agroecotettix Tegmina broad and oval; attingent, nearly touching dorsally Metathorax with a pale-colored spot Cerci bifurcated Hind tibia gray or yellow proximately, turning bright red distally Inside of hind femur red Furculae short and broad, and well separated from each other Phaulotettix Tegmina linear; their dorsal margins widely separated dorsally Metathorax with a pale-colored stripe Cerci falcate, simple Hind tibia blue proximately, turning red distally Inside of hind femur not red Furculae short, obvious, linear; attingent or touching <emphasis id="A1AD601BDFC759B0E19471A0154E03B8" italics="true">Key to</emphasis> <taxonomicName id="B68B77DFDAC9E0D4E69108C24F59618A" authorityName="Bruner" authorityYear="1908" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Agroecotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus"> <emphasis id="79A964337D35FD5AC47D4E8D78FEA47A" italics="true">Agroecotettix</emphasis> </taxonomicName>
1 Male cerci with ventral branch longer than dorsal branch as in Fig. 2 A – F ; sheath of aedeagus produced as thickened fleshy lobes dorsal to the valves as in Figs 4 A – F , 5 A – F A. aristus group 3
Male cerci with ventral branch equal, subequal, or shorter than the dorsal branch as in Fig. 2 G – T ; sheath of aedeagus not produced as thickened fleshy lobes dorsal to the valves (Figs 4 G – R , 5 G – R ) 8
2 Occurring north of the Rio Grande River in the United States 3
Occurring south of the Rio Grande River in Mexico 5
3 Valves of aedeagus shorter than the sheath in lateral view; and with broadly rounded apices (Figs 4 B , 5 B ); found in the South Texas Plains (Fig. 25 A ) A. silverheelsi sp. nov.
Valves of aedeagus longer, extending well beyond the sheath in lateral view (Fig. 4 A ) 4
4 In caudal view, the valves of the aedeagus are relatively narrower and forming parallel dorsal and ventral arches that are narrowly rounded at their apices as in Fig. 4 B ; in lateral view; the distal edge of the valves are broadly rounded as in Fig. 5 B ; found across central west Texas to southern New Mexico (Fig. 25 A ) A. aristus Hebard
In caudal view, the valves of the aedeagus are relatively more wider and form distally diverging arches that are more broadly rounded at their apices as in Fig. 4 E ; In lateral view, the distal edge of the valves forming an acute point dorsally, but with a broadly rounded ventral edge (Fig. 5 E ); found in extreme southern Texas in the vicinity of Jim Hogg County (Fig. 25 A ) A. texmex sp. nov. (in part)
5 Male cerci with branches widely separated and with the ventral branch much longer than the dorsal branch as in Fig. 2 C, D ; valves of the aedeagus with their dorsal margin somewhat bilobed and the ventral margin broadly rounded and with their distal apices diverging laterally as in Figs 4 C , 5 C ; found in west-central Nuevo Leòn, Mexico (Fig. 25 A, C ) A. xiphophorus sp. nov.
Male cerci with branches not widely separated and with the ventral branch only slightly longer than the dorsal branch as in Fig. 2 E, F ; valves of the aedeagus with their dorsal margin not bilobed 6
6 Valves of the aedeagus with their lateral margins greatly expanded centrally and with the dorsal apices forming acute parallel points and the ventral apices forming rounded parallel arches in caudal view as in Fig. 4 D ; in lateral view the valves are directed apically (Fig. 5 D ); found in the vicinity of Galeana, MX (Fig. 25 A, C ) A. glochinos sp. nov.
Valves of the aedeagus with their apices diverging distally in caudal view as in Fig. 4 D, E ; in lateral view the valves are directed more caudally as in Fig. 5 D – F 7
7 In caudal view, the valves of the aedeagus relatively narrower (Fig. 4 E ); in lateral view, the ventral edge of the valves are broadly rounded at their apices (Fig. 5 E ); found in the vicinity northern Nuevo León, Mexico (Fig. 25 A ) A. texmex sp. nov. (in part)
In caudal view, the valves of the aedeagus are very broad (Fig. 4 F ); and are more broadly rounded at their apices (Fig. 4 F ) and in lateral view with their distal edge forming an acute point dorsally and the ventral edge truncated (Fig. 5 F ); found in the vicinity of Galeana, Mexico (Figs 25 A , 26 B ) A. cumbres sp. nov.
8 In lateral view, the valves of the aedeagus are lobate as in Fig. 5 G – J A. crypsidomus group 9
In lateral view, the valves of the aedeagus are falcate or quadrate laterally as in Fig. 5 K – R 13
9 In lateral view, the distal lobes of the aedeagus valves are more widely incised and the basal lobes are small or absent as in as in Fig. 5 G, H , and in caudal view the dorsal valve is deeply undulate as in Fig. 4 G, H 11
10 In lateral view, the apical lobes of the aedeagus valves are narrowly, but deeply incised resulting in the basal lobe being more pronounced and obvious as in Fig. 5 I, J 12
11 In lateral view, basal lobe of aedeagus valves extending much beyond the sheath (Fig. 4 G ); dorsal lobes projected laterally in caudal view (Fig. 5 G ); Marathon, Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. crypsidomus Hebard
In lateral view, basal lobe of aedeagus valves not extending much beyond the sheath (Fig. 5 H ); dorsal lobe almost vertical or curving medially (Fig. 5 H ); Big Bend region of Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. burtoni sp. nov.
12 In lateral view, the valves of the aedeagus are shallowly incised with a broad distal lobe that is truncated apically, and the basal lobe is shorter (Fig. 5 I ); in caudal view the valves of the aedeagus are concave as in Fig. 4 I ; Found in the vicinity of Sanderson, Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. moorei sp. nov.
In lateral view, the valves of the aedeagus are deeply incised with a narrower and slightly acute distal lobe, and a longer basal lobe as in Fig. 5 J ; in caudal view the valves of the aedeagus are convex as in Fig. 4 J ; found in the Chianti Mountains of southern Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. chiantiensis sp. nov.
13 Occurring north of the Rio Grande River in the United States 14
Occurring south of the Rio Grande River in Mexico 17
14 In lateral view, the apices of the valves of the aedeagus point caudally as in Fig. 5 M , found in the vicinity of western Brewster County, Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. turneri sp. nov.
In lateral view, the apices of the valves of the aedeagus curve apically as is Fig. 5 L – O 15
15 In lateral view, the apical edge of the valves of the aedeagus are thicker finger-like projections as in Fig. 5 L ; found in the vicinity of the Quitman Mountains in Hudspeth County, Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. quitmanensis sp. nov.
In lateral view, the apical edge of the valves of the aedeagus are thin blade-like projections as in Fig. 5 M, N ) 16
16 In lateral view, the valves of aedeagus thinly falcate, long and sword-like as in Figs 5 M , and in caudal view the lateral margins extend well beyond the rest of the valves and their apical margins are slightly curved distally as in 4 M; found in the southern Big Bend region of Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A, B ) A. dorni sp. nov.
In lateral view, the valves of aedeagus broad as in Fig. 5 N , and in caudal view the lateral margins do not extend well beyond the rest of the valves and their apical margins are curved medially as in Fig. 4 N ; endemic to the Chisos Mountains of the Big Bend region of Texas (Figs 25 , 26 A ) A. chisosensis sp. nov.
17 Male cerci with the ventral branch reduced and rounded as in Fig. 2 O ; in lateral view, the sheath of the aedeagus is well developed and expanded laterally around the valves; in lateral view, the aedeagus valves are wide with their apices broadly curved (Fig. 5 P ); in caudal view the valves or greatly narrowed in their apical third as in Fig. 4 P ; found in northern Coahuila, Mexico (Fig. 25 ) A. vaquero sp. nov.
Male cerci longer with both dorsal and ventral branches well produced 18
18 Male cerci short and not curved medially as in Fig. 2 P ; in lateral view, the valves of the aedeagus are acutely pointed apically and are greatly widened in their lower half; in caudal view the apical margins of the valves are slightly curved distally as in Fig. 4 O ; found southern Coahuila, Mexico in the vicinity of the Sierra de la Gloria (Fig. 25 ) A. forcipatus sp. nov.
Male cerci longer (Fig. 2 Q – T ); dorsal and lower branches subequal in length 19
19 Male cercus gently curved medially (Fig. 2 Q, R ); in lateral view the valves of the aedeagus are narrowly quadrate with the distal apices truncate apically as in Figs 4 Q , 5 Q ; in caudal view the valves are also quadrate with the apical margin truncate as in Figs 4 R , 5 R ; found in the vicinity of Saltillo, Mexico (Figs 25 , 26 B ) A. idic sp. nov.
Male cercus strongly curved medially (Fig. 2 S, T ); in lateral view, the valves of the aedeagus are broad and arching with the distal apices rounded (Fig. 5 R ); in caudal view, valves acuminate; Arteaga, Mexico (Figs 25 , 26 B ) A. kahloae sp. nov.
<taxonomicName id="66E3E2FB9A8BFE9E35C9ADB59215065B"> <emphasis id="3C953C33B61B2E010DAE65C832F710E6" italics="true">Agroecotettix</emphasis> species </taxonomicName> checklist <emphasis id="ECCC6EA3C0F1E42288276D2F56E76C87" italics="true">Incertae sedis</emphasis> 1. Agroecotettix modestus Brunner, 1908 , stat. nov. — Figs 6 , 25 <taxonomicName id="3F6B42F4B0D0A1BAA4ECEC938CDE6E87" authorityName="Hebard" baseAuthorityName="Hebard" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" genus="Agroecotettix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristus"> <emphasis id="C9D90F77C30552C4A00FD29EF68D8E95" italics="true">A. aristus</emphasis> </taxonomicName> group 2. Agroecotettix silverheelsi sp. nov. — Figs 2 B , 4 A , 5 A , 7 A – J , 23 A – C , 25 , 26 A 3. Agroecotettix aristus Hebard, 1922 , stat. nov. — Figs 2 A , 4 B , 5 B , 8 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 28 A – E , 29 A – E 4. Agroecotettix xiphophorus sp. nov. — Figs 2 C, D , 4 C , 5 C , 9 A – J , 25 , 26 B 5. Agroecotettix glochinos sp. nov. — Figs 4 D , 5 D , 10 A – J , 25 , 26 B 6. Agroecotettix texmex sp. nov. — Figs 2 E , 4 E , 5 E , 11 A – J , 25 , 26 B 7. Agroecotettix cumbres sp. nov. — Figs 2 F , 4 F , 5 F , 12 A – J , 25 , 26 B A. crypsidomus group 8. Agroecotettix crypsidomus Hebard, 1922 , stat. nov. — Figs 2 G , 4 G , 5 G , 13 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 31 A – F 9. Agroecotettix burtoni sp. nov. — Figs 2 J , 4 H , 5 H , 14 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 31 A – D 10. Agroecotettix moorei sp. nov. — Figs 2 M , 4 I , 5 I , 15 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 32 A – D 11. Agroecotettix chiantiensis sp. nov. — Figs 2 N , 4 J , 5 J , 16 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 33 A – C 12. Agroecotettix dorni sp. nov. — Figs 2 I , 4 M , 5 M , 17 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 34 A – D 13. Agroecotettix chisosensis sp. nov. — Figs 2 H , 4 N , 5 N , 18 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 36 A – E 14. Agroecotettix turneri sp. nov. — Figs 2 K , 4 K , 5 K , 19 A – J , 25 , 26 A , 36 A – D 15. Agroecotettix quitmanensis sp. nov. — Figs 2 L , 4 P , 5 P , 20 A – J , 25 , 26 A 16. Agroecotettix vaquero sp. nov. — Figs 2 T , 4 P , 5 P , 21 A – J , 25 17. Agroecotettix forcipatus sp. nov. — Figs 2 O , 4 O , 5 O , 22 A – J , 25 18. Agroecotettix idic sp. nov. — Figs 2 S , 4 Q , 5 Q , 23 A – J , 25 , 26 B 19. Agroecotettix kahloae sp. nov. — Figs 2 Q , 4 R , 5 R , 24 A – J , 25 , 26 B