Opiliones are no longer the same — on suprafamilial groups in harvestmen (Arthropoda: Arachnida) Author Kury, Adriano B. text Zootaxa 2015 3925 3 301 340 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.3.1 98cded51-dc88-46fd-a80c-7bdfdade7389 1175-5326 287978 A249B0D4-9913-41E0-A23B-E36EBACCD7A6 Phylogeny of Cyphophthalmi The mite-harvestmen ( Cyphophthalmi ) are here presented in more detail, separated from the rest of the Opiliones . In Figs. 20 to 23, are presented relevant hypotheses found in the literature concerning the branching pattern of the Cyphophthalmi . The six following genera are here used to represent the major groups of Cyphophthalmi as currently understood, because they are the oldest in each family: Parogovia Hansen, 1921 (for Neogoveidae Shear, 1980 ), Ogovea Roewer, 1923 (for Ogoveidae Shear, 1980 ), Pettalus Thorell, 1876 (for Pettalidae Shear, 1980 ), Siro Latreille, 1796 (for Sironidae C.L. Koch, 1839 ), Stylocellus Westwood, 1874 (for Stylocellidae Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 ) and Troglosiro Juberthie, 1979 (for Troglosironidae Shear, 1993 ). Hypothesis C1 ( Fig. 20 ): Shear (1980) published the first cladistic analysis of the Cyphophthalmi , unfolding the group into five families, which resulted in a symmetrical arrangement. Shear called his two major clades Tropicophthalmi and Temperophthalmi. Later, Shear (1993) added a sixth family, Troglosironidae . FIGURE 20. Hypothesis C1 of phylogeny of the Cyphophthalmi (Shear 1980/1993, morph). Shear (1980) was the first attempt ever of a cladistic analysis of the Cyphophthalmi . The analysis resulted in a symmetrical arrangement. Shear proposed the two infraorders Tropicophthalmi and Temperophthalmi. A sixth family was added in 1993. This graph is a combination of both works by Shear. Hypothesis C2 ( Fig. 21 ): Giribet & Boyer (2002) attempted both a morphological and a molecular analyses, which turned out very unresolved and it is not shown here. With a much expanded matrix, Boyer et al. (2007) made an important molecular analysis of the Cyphophthalmi , but failed to include Ogoveidae because of a lack of material for molecular study. This asymmetrical tree has Stylocellidae as sister group to the rest. FIGURE 21. Hypothesis C2 of phylogeny of the Cyphophthalmi (Boyer et al. 2007, mol). An important analysis, which failed to include Ogoveidae by lack of material for molecular study. This asymmetrical tree has Stylocellidae as sister group to the rest. They have not recovered any of Shear’s clades. A previous work (Giribet & Boyer 2002) included both morphological and molecular analyses, but both are remarkably lacking in resolution, even for the monophyly of the families themselves. Hypothesis C3 ( Fig. 22 ): Clouse et. al. (2010) analyzed the Stylocellidae , including also the other Cyphophthalmi families. They used molecular data, and also did not include Ogoveidae . It was substantially different from Boyer’s analysis. They have not proposed any superfamilial names, but did recover the clade later known as Boreophthalmi. FIGURE 22. Hypothesis C3 of phylogeny of the Cyphophthalmi (Clouse & Giribet 2010, mol; Clouse et. al. 2010, comb). Mostly molecular, which also did not include Ogoveidae . It was substantially different from Boyer’s analysis. They have not proposed any superfamilial names, but did recover the clade later known as Boreophthalmi. Hypothesis C4 ( Fig. 23 ): Giribet et al. (2011) finally obtained material of Ogoveidae for molecular study. The result showed Pettalidae as sister group of the rest as in Clouse et al. (2010) and some novel groups. They recovered only one of Shear’s clades, the Ogoveoidea. Three new infraordinal names were proposed.