A taxonomic revision of the nominotypical subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Tiphiinae) from China, with three new species and a key to the Chinese species Author Han, Qian Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China & qian _ han 0301 @ 163. com Author Wang, He-Sheng Hainan Datian National Nature Reserve Administration, Dongfang 572625, China. Author Chen, Bin Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China & c _ bin @ hotmail. com Author Li, Ting-Jing Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology; Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China text Zootaxa 2023 2023-05-10 5284 1 1 43 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.1 journal article 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.1 1175-5326 7918890 10739869-526E-4B61-A955-901724CA7198 Subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 Tiphia Fabricius, 1775: 354 ; Allen 1975: 5 ; Tsuneki 1985: 3 , 10; Tsuneki 1986a: 5 , 9; Boni Bartalucci 2011: 342 ; Belokobylskij & Lelej 2017: 150 . Type species Tiphia femorata Fabricius, 1775 . Diagnosis. Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with oblique wrinkles ( Figs 58 , 76 , 92 , 99 ); T1 anteriorly without a transverse row of short longitudinal striae, without subposterior margin, or not extending and covering subapical puncture groove in lateral view ( Figs 14 , 16 , 40 , 49 , 67 ) ( Tsuneki 1985 , 1986a ; Han et al. 2021 ). Key to the Chinese species of the subgenus Tiphia Fabricius, 1775 ♀♀ 1. Inner face of hind basitarsus medially without longitudinal groove ( Figs 4 , 107 , 139 )................................ 2 - Inner face of hind basitarsus medially with longitudinal groove ( Fig. 119 )....................................... 19 2. Lateral carina and medial longitudinal carina of propodeal areola with duplicate carina ( Fig. 6 in Gussakovskij, 1938 )............................................................................. T. ( T. ) duplicata Gussakovskij, 1938 - Lateral carina and medial longitudinal carina of propodeal areola without duplicate carina........................... 3 3. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one short, transverse carina outside of areola...................................................................................................... T. ( T. ) brevicarinata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Propodeal dorsal face laterally without short, transverse carina outside of areola................................... 4 4. Tegula more than 1.5× as long as middle width.............................................................. 5 - Tegula ( Figs 1 , 37 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width................................................... 7 5. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina ( Fig. 2C in Chen, 1995 )........................................................................... T . ( T .) mutata Chen, 1995 - Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina......... 6 6. Lateral groove of S1 longer than posterior half, reaching the anterior apex...................... T. ( T .) yangi Chen, 1995 - Lateral groove of S1 shorter than posterior half....................................... T. ( T .) yushana Tsuneki, 1986 7. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal and lateral carinae (Plate 2, Fig. 12 in Allen & Jaynes, 1930 )........................................................... T . ( T .) lyrata Magretti, 1892 - Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal and lateral carinae, only with medial longitudinal carina.................................................................................... 8 8. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line ( Fig. 1H in Han & Kim, 2009 )............................. 9 - Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line ( Fig. 37 )........................................... 12 9. Apex of clypeus medially truncated (Fig. 159 in Tsuneki, 1985 ).................... T . ( T .) yonaguniensis Tsuneki, 1985 - Apex of clypeus medially emarginated................................................................... 10 10. Subposterior area of T1 with 2–3 transverse rows of punctures ( Fig. 40 in Tsuneki, 1986a ).... T . ( T .) ilanensis Tsuneki, 1986 - Subposterior area of T1 with one transverse row of punctures................................................. 11 11. Vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum with smooth interspaces between punctures.............................................................................................. T . ( T .) rufomandibulata rufomandibulata Smith, 1873 - Vertex, pronotum and mesoscutum with coriaceous interspaces between punctures........ T . ( T .) r. taipeiana Tsuneki, 1986 12. Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove connecting notaulus................................................. 13 - Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove separated from notaulus ( Figs 37 , 60 )................................... 14 13. Mid and hind femora bright red; pygidium anteriorly with dense punctures................... T. ( T. ) scutensis Allen, 1975 - Mid and hind femora black; pygidium anteriorly with a few scattered punctures.... T. ( T. ) totopunctata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 14. Pronotum latero-ventrally with distinct groove in middle ( Figs 106 , 140 )........................................ 15 - Pronotum latero-ventrally without distinct groove in middle...................... T. ( T. ) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, 1930 15. Apex of clypeus medially truncated or rounded ( Figs 2 , 104 ).................................................. 16 - Apex of clypeus medially emarginated ( Figs 61 , 137 )........................................................ 18 16. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina............................. T. ( T. ) sternocarinata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - S1 ( Figs 6 , 109 ) anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina................................................. 17 17. Wings completely transparent ( Fig. 1 ); anterior half of pygidium ( Fig. 7 ) with sparse small punctures mixed with some big ones............................................................ T . ( T .) flavobrunnea Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov. - Wings infuscate ( Fig. 103 ); anterior half of pygidium ( Fig. 110 ) with dense and continuous punctures................................................................................................ T . ( T .) lawrencei Allen, 1975 18. Mid and hind femora ( Fig. 136 ) bright red; propodeal areola ( Fig. 142 ) irregularly pitted along inner and outer margins of both lateral and medial longitudinal carinae............................................ T. ( T. ) weismani Krombein, 1982 - Mid and hind femora ( Fig. 60 ) black; propodeal areola ( Fig. 66 ) normal, not pitted along inner and outer margins of both lateral and medial longitudinal carinae............................................... T. ( T. ) wuyiana Chen & Yang, 2003 19. Propodeal areola with one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina.......... 20 - Propodeal areola without one additional longitudinal carina between medial longitudinal carina and lateral carina, only with medial longitudinal carina............................................................................. 21 20. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one obliquely longitudinal carina outside of areola....... T . ( T .) compressa Smith, 1855 - Propodeal dorsal face laterally without longitudinal carina outside of areola............... T . ( T .) wushensis Tsuneki, 1986 21. Apex of clypeus medially triangular ( Fig. 62 in Tsuneki, 1986a )....................... T . ( T .) triangulata Tsuneki, 1986 - Apex of clypeus medially truncated or emarginated ( Figs 9 , 82 , 127)........................................... 22 22. Propodeal dorsal face laterally (Fig. 131) with regularly strong sculpture outside of areola................................................................................................... T . ( T .) toreuta Boni Bartalucci, 2010 - Propodeal dorsal face laterally without regularly strong sculpture outside of areola................................ 23 23. Tegula ( Fig. 13 ) more than 1.5× as long as middle width..................................................... 24 - Tegula ( Figs 16 , 25 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width................................................. 27 24. Subposterior area of T1 close to middle, and ( Fig. 14 ) medially with one transverse row of short longitudinal striae......................................................................... T . ( T .) longistria Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov. - Subposterior area of T1 close to apex, and without one transverse row of short longitudinal striae..................... 25 25. Frons with medial longitudinal impunctate area............................ T . ( T .) longitegulata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Frons without medial longitudinal impunctate area.......................................................... 26 26. Apex of clypeus medially truncated; T1 slightly longer than middle width, semicircular shape.................................................................................................... T . ( T .) alishana Ishikawa , 1967 - Apex of clypeus medially slightly emarginated; T1 distinctly less than 0.5× as long as middle width, subrectangle shape ( Fig. 49 in Tsuneki, 1986a )........................................................ T . ( T .) tsukengensis Tsuneki, 1986 27. Pygidium impunctate, only with dense long striae reaching posterior apex....................................... 28 - Pygidium anteriorly and medially with dense or sparse punctures, posteriorly smooth or coriaceous ( Figs 20 , 27 , 44 , 88 , 124 ) .................................................................................................. 31 28. Lower frons with dense punctures....................................................................... 29 - Lower frons with sparse punctures....................................................................... 30 29. Pronotal dorsal face medially with one transverse row of big and deep punctures..... T . ( T .) ordinaria ordinaria Smith, 1873 - Pronotal dorsal face medially with one transverse row of small and shallow punctures........ T . ( T .) o. atayal Tsuneki, 1986 30. S6 posteriorly with medial short longitudinal carina................ T . ( T .) brevilineata brevilineata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - S6 posteriorly without medial short longitudinal carina............................ T . ( T .) b. formosana Tsuneki, 1986 31. Mandible with distinct medial transverse groove ( Fig. 1K in Han & Kim 2009 ).......... T . ( T .) popilliavora Rohwer, 1924 - Mandible ( Figs 17 , 23 , 41 , 82 , 118 ) without distinct medial transverse groove, atmost with obsolete intermittent impressed line............................................................................................... 32 32. Posterior half of pronotum medially with short, shallow and longitudinal line ( Fig. 1L in Han & Kim 2009 )........................................................................................... T . ( T .) vernalis Rohwer, 1924 - Posterior half of pronotum medially without short, shallow and longitudinal line.................................. 33 33. Each of tibiae with two spurs apically........................................... T . ( T .) unicolor ( Lepeletier, 1845 ) - Fore tibia with one spur apically, mid tibia with one to two spurs apically, hind tibia with two spurs apically............ 34 34. Mid and hind femora bright red ( Fig. 80 ); lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular shape ( Fig. 86 )...................................................................................... 35 - Mid and hind femora black or light brown ( Figs 16 , 22 , 40 , 117 ); lateral carina of propodeal areola convergent posteriorly or subparallel, providing subtrapezoidal or subrectangular shape ( Figs 21 , 25 , 43 , 121 )............................... 40 35. Subposterior area T1 with one transverse row of punctures................................................... 36 - Subposterior area of T1 with irregularly scattered punctures................................................... 38 36. Frons and vertex with smooth interspaces between punctures; tegula red and semitransparent...... T . ( T .) agilis Smith, 1873 - Frons and vertex with coriaceous interspaces between punctures; tegula dark red and opaque........................ 37 37. Pronotum latero-ventrally with complete groove and deep punctures in middle...... T . ( T .) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Pronotum latero-ventrally with interrupted groove in middle, without deep punctures....... T . ( T .) taiwana Ishikawa , 1967 38. Lower frons with dense punctures ( Fig. 82 )........................................... T . ( T .) dayi Krombein, 1982 - Lower frons with sparse punctures....................................................................... 39 39. Head, mesosoma and metasoma with coriaceous interspaces between punctures in dorsal view.................................................................................................. T . ( T .) femorata ( Fabricius, 1775 ) - Head, mesosoma and metasoma with smooth interspaces between punctures in dorsal view......................................................................................... T . ( T .) femorata biseculata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 40. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse weak, impressed line............................................... 41 - Posterior margin of tegula without transverse weak, impressed line ( Figs 25 , 43 ).................................. 42 41. Mesopleuron with coriaceous interspaces between punctures............................. T . ( T .) alticola Tsuneki, 1986 - Mesopleuron with smooth interspaces between punctures.............................. T . ( T .) takasago Tsuneki, 1986 42. Apex of clypeus medially truncated...................................................................... 43 - Apex of clypeus medially emarginated or slightly emarginated ( Figs 17 , 23 , 41 , 118 )............................... 50 43. T1 anteriorly with dense and minute punctures........................................ T . ( T .) tibetana Turner, 1908 - T1 anteriorly without dense and minute punctures.......................................................... 44 44. S1 without lateral groove........................................................ T . ( T .) minutostriata Ma, 1936 - S1 with lateral groove on posterior half................................................................... 45 45. Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove connecting notaulus.............................. T . ( T .) frater Parker, 1935 - Mesoscutum with anterior medial groove separated from notaulus.............................................. 46 46. Pygidium posteriorly smooth...................................................... T . ( T .) sternata Parker, 1935 - Pygidium ( Fig. 44 ) posteriorly with a few longitudinal striae.................................................. 47 47. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina or impunctate area............................................... 48 - Frons without medial longitudinal narrow carina or impunctate area............................................ 49 48. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina; vertex laterally with dense punctures along inner margin of eye................................................................................ T . ( T .) inconspicua Allen & Jaynes 1930 - Frons ( Fig. 41 ) with medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area; vertex laterally ( Fig. 42 ) with sparse punctures along inner margin of eye............................................................... T . ( T .) mongolica Tsuneki, 1986 49. Anterior carina of pronotum complete and strong.......................... T . ( T .) minutopunctata Allen & Jaynes 1930 - Anterior carina of pronotum incomplete, medially weak.............................. T . ( T .) choui Chen & Yang, 1991 50. Second intercubital vein of forewing nearly straight ( Fig. 22 )................................................. 51 - Second intercubital vein of forewing strongly or slightly sinuous ( Figs 16 , 117 )................................... 52 51. Propodeal areola with complete sharp medial longitudinal carina approaching posterior margin of areola.................................................................................... T . ( T .) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Propodeal areola ( Fig. 25 ) with interrupted medial longitudinal carina reaching posterior 1/2 of areola............................................................................................ T . ( T .) chihpenchia Tsuneki, 1986 52. Surface of propodeal areola smooth ( Fig. 121 )............................................................. 53 - Surface of propodeal areola coriaceous ( Fig. 21 )............................................................ 55 53. Lower frons with sparse punctures............................................ T . ( T .) pempuchiensis Tsuneki, 1986 - Lower frons ( Fig. 118 ) with dense punctures............................................................... 54 54. Propodeal areola ( Fig. 121 ) normal, not pitted along inner margin of lateral carina............ T . ( T .) s-secunda Allen, 1975 - Propodeal areola irregularly pitted along inner margin of lateral carina.............. T . ( T .) retincisura Chen & Yang, 1991 55. Pronotum latero-ventrally without distinct groove in middle............................. T . ( T .) hohrai Tsuneki, 1986 - Pronotum latero-ventrally with distinct groove in middle..................................................... 56 56. Pygidium ( Fig. 20 ) with medial longitudinal carina..................... T . ( T .) mediocarinata Han, Chen & Li , sp. nov. - Pygidium without medial longitudinal carina.............................................................. 57 57. S1 anteriorly with coarse punctures............................................. T . ( T .) jinana Yang & Chen, 1988 - S1 anteriorly without coarse punctures................................................................... 58 58. Anterior half of pronotum with sparse punctures...................................... T . ( T .) horiana Tsuneki, 1986 - Anterior half of pronotum with dense punctures.................................... T . ( T .) malayana Cameron, 1910 ♁♁ 1. Tegula more than 1.5× as long as middle width.............................................................. 2 - Tegula ( Fig. 48 ) atmost slightly longer than middle width..................................................... 6 2. T 1 1.7× longer than wide, and its lateral margin elongated ( Fig. 53 in Tsuneki, 1986a ; Fig. 1I in Chen, 1995 )............ 3 - T 1 slightly longer than wide, and its lateral margin elliptic or hemispheric........................................ 4 3. S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina and punctures............................... T. ( T. ) yangi Chen, 1995 - S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina, and with a few scattered punctures............ T. ( T. ) yushana Tsuneki, 1986 4. Lateral carina of propodeal areola strongly convergent posteriorly, providing inverted triangular shape..................................................................................... T. ( T. ) longitegulata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Lateral carina of propodeal areola slightly convergent posteriorly, providing subtrapezoidal shape..................... 5 5. Pronotum latero-ventrally with oblique striae............................................ T. ( T. ) mutata Chen, 1995 - Pronotum latero-ventrally without oblique striae..................................... T. ( T. ) alishana Ishikawa , 1967 6. S5 without lateral denticle ( Fig. 95 )....................................................................... 7 - S5 with lateral denticle ( Figs 32 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 115 )....................................................... 16 7. Propodeal dorsal face laterally with one oblique carina outside of areola.............. T . ( T .) wuyiana Chen & Yang, 2003 - Propodeal dorsal face laterally without oblique carina outside of areola........................................... 8 8. Propodeal dorsal face ( Fig. 93 ) densely with minute striae mixed with punctures, more or less reticulate.................................................................................................. T. ( T .) dutti Allen, 1975 - Propodeal dorsal face almost impunctate and with several sparse punctures, or with irregular striae.................... 9 9. Apex of marginal cell of forewing equal to or only slightly exceeding second submarginal cell....................... 10 - Apex of marginal cell of forewing distinctly exceeding second submarginal cell................................... 13 10. Lower frons with sparse punctures..................................... T . ( T .) brevilineata formosana Tsuneki, 1986 - Lower frons with dense punctures, somewhat reticulate...................................................... 11 11. Apex of clypeus truncated in middle............................................... T . ( T .) vallicola Tsuneki, 1986 - Apex of clypeus deeply emarginated in middle ( Fig. 69 in Tsuneki, 1986a )....................................... 12 12. S1 anteriorly with dense and coarse punctures, posteriorly smooth........................ T . ( T .) ordinaria Smith, 1873 - S1 wholly smooth, with a few scattered punctures................................. T . ( T .) lihyuehtana Tsuneki, 1986 13. Frons with medial longitudinal narrow carina.............................................................. 14 - Frons without medial longitudinal narrow carina........................................................... 15 14. Subposterior area of T 1 with two transverse rows of punctures ( Fig. 59 in Tsuneki, 1986a ).... T . ( T .) puliensis Tsuneki, 1986 - Subposterior area of T 1 with one transverse row of or a few scattered punctures...... T . ( T .) cilicincta Allen & Jaynes, 1930 15. Frons laterally with dense punctures along inner margin of eye..................... T. ( T. ) kotoshensis Yasumatsu, 1938 - Frons laterally with sparse punctures along inner margin of eye........................... T. ( T. ) flavipes Tsuneki, 1986 16. S5 with lateral denticle obsolete......................................................................... 17 - S5 with lateral denticle strong ( Figs 32 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 115 ).................................................. 25 17. Apex of clypeus medially truncated...................................................................... 18 - Apex of clypeus medially emarginated................................................................... 19 18. Lateral carina of propodeal areola distinctly convergent posteriorly, providing trapezoidal shape; propodeal areola with indistinct medial longitudinal carina, atmost reaching posterior 2/3 of areola......................... T. ( T. ) lyrata Magretti, 1892 - Lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular shape; propodeal areola with complete medial longitudinal carina, extending posterior margin of areola...................... T. ( T. ) unicolor ( Lepeletier, 1845 ) 19. Subposterior area of T 1 distinctly with one transverse row of punctures ( Fig. 87 in Tsuneki, 1986a )................................................................................................... T . ( T .) piqua Tsuneki, 1986 - Subposterior area of T 1 with 2–3 transverse rows of punctures or irregularly scattered punctures..................... 20 20. Subposterior area of T 1 not depressed.................................................................... 21 - Subposterior area of T 1 depressed....................................................................... 22 21. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina...................................... T . ( T .) chinensis Morawitz, 1889 - S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina..................................... T . ( T .) femorata Fabricius 1775 22. Surface of S1 with coarse punctures................................................. T . ( T .) bunun Tsuneki, 1986 - Surface of S1 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth..................................................... 23 23. Lateral carina of propodeal areola distinctly convergent posteriorly, providing trapezoidal shape........................................................................................... T . ( T .) inconspicua Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Lateral carina of propodeal areola subparallel posteriorly, providing subrectangular shape........................... 24 24. Lower frons with big punctures mixed with dense minute punctures..................... T. ( T. ) mongolica Tsuneki, 1986 - Lower frons with moderate punctures, without minute punctures........................... T. ( T. ) sternata Parker, 1935 25. S5 with one deep orifice ( Fig. 1N in Han & Kim 2009 )...................................................... 26 - S5 without one deep orifice ( Figs 32 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 115 )................................................... 30 26. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line..................................................... 27 - Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line.................................................. 28 27. Tegula black............................................... T . ( T .) rufomandibulata rufomandibulata Smith, 1873 - Tegula dark brown or red brown................................................ T . ( T .) r. taipeiana Tsuneki, 1986 28. Subposterior area of T 1 depressed.............................................. T . ( T .) porata Chen & Yang, 1990 - Subposterior area of T 1 not depressed.................................................................... 29 29. T 3– T 5 posteriorly with sparse punctures..................................... T . ( T .) singularis Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - T 3– T 5 posteriorly with dense punctures............................................ T . ( T .) ilanensis Tsuneki, 1986 30. Apex of marginal cell of forewing open ( Fig. 67 ); T 2– T 6 and S2–S5 posteriorly with rows of conspicuous dark–orange setae ( Figs 67, 71 )..................................................................... T . ( T .) aurata Allen, 1975 - Apex of marginal cell of forewing closed ( Figs 28 , 45 , 50 , 55 , 73 , 81 , 96 , 111 , 126); T 2– T 6 and S2–S5 posteriorly without rows of conspicuous dark–orange setae....................................................................... 31 31. Posterior margin of tegula with transverse impressed line..................................................... 32 - Posterior margin of tegula without transverse impressed line ( Fig. 48 )........................................... 35 32. T 1 antero-laterally with obtuse prominence ( Fig. 3D in Yang & Chen 1988 )......... T . ( T .) brachypoda Yang & Chen, 1988 - T 1 antero-laterally without obtuse prominence............................................................. 33 33. Clypeus only with dense big punctures, without minute punctues................... T . ( T .) yonaguniensis Tsuneki, 1985 - Clypeus with dense big punctures mixed with minute punctures ( Fig. 75 in Tsuneki, 1986a )......................... 34 34. T 1 about as wide as long, subposterior area with two transverse rows of punctures ( Figs 79 , 80 in Tsuneki, 1986a )...................................................................................... T . ( T .) hokkien Tsuneki, 1986 - T 1 wider than long, subposterior area with one transverse row of punctures............. T . ( T .) fortidentata Tsuneki, 1986 35. Apex of marginal cell of forewing equal to or only slightly exceeding second submarginal cell ( Figs 28 , 50 , 111 )........ 36 - Apex of marginal cell of forewing ( Figs 45 , 55 , 73 , 81 , 96 , 126) distinctly exceeding second submarginal cell........... 43 36. Mandible with preapical denticle ( Fig. 112 )........................................ T . ( T .) pulchaukiae Allen, 1775 - Mandible without preapical denticle ( Figs 29 , 51 )........................................................... 37 37. Posterior half of S1 with dense minute punctures...................... T . ( T .) femorata biseculata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Posterior half of S1 smooth ( Figs 33 , 54 ).................................................................. 38 38. Tegula red and semitransparent; fore and mid tibiae bright red................................................. 39 - Tegula opaque, dark brown, reddish brown or black; fore and mid tibiae brown, reddish brown or black ( Figs 28 , 50 )..... 40 39. Subposterior area of T 1 not depressed; clypeus with dense punctures close to apex.............. T . ( T .) agilis Smith, 1873 - Subposterior area of T 1 slightly depressed; apex of clypeus medially impunctate ( Fig. 2A in Yang & Chen, 1988 )................................................................................. T . ( T .) decorosa Yang & Chen, 1988 40. Pronotal dorsal face with protruding corner at shoulder ( Fig. 3B in Chen & Yang, 1990 ).. T . ( T .) oxycera Chen & Yang, 1990 - Pronotal dorsal face without protruding corner at shoulder.................................................... 41 41. S1 anteriorly with medial longitudinal carina..................................... T . ( T .) popilliavora Rohwer, 1924 - S1 anteriorly without medial longitudinal carina ( Figs 33 , 54 )................................................. 42 42. Apex of clypeus strongly narrow, CAW equal to IAD ( Fig. 29 )........................ T . ( T .) choui Chen & Yang, 1991 - Apex of clypeus relatively wider, CAW distinctly wider than IAD ( Fig. 51 )........ T . ( T .) pigmentata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 43. Mandible with preapical denticle ( Figs 83 , 97 , 128)......................................................... 44 - Mandible without preapical denticle ( Figs 46 , 56 , 74 )........................................................ 48 44. Lateral surface of propodeum without long oblique wrinkles............................................................................................................................. T . ( T .) nana Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Lateral surface of propodeum ( Fig. 99 ) dorsally with strong long oblique wrinkles, ventrally without wrinkles........... 45 45. Lower frons ( Fig. 97 ) with medial longitudinal narrow carina................................................. 46 - Lower frons (Fig. 128) without medial longitudinal narrow carina.............................................. 47 46. S1 ( Fig. 100 ) with lateral groove approaching anterior apex.............................. T . ( T .) incisa Cameron, 1897 - S1 without lateral groove................................................... T . ( T .) orientalis Chen & Yang, 2003 47. Posterior transverse carina of propodeal areola (Fig. 132) absent.................... T . ( T .) toreuta Boni Bartalucci, 2010 - Posterior transverse carina of propodeal areola ( Fig. 87 ) present.......................... T . ( T .) dayi Krombein, 1982 48. S1 with lateral groove on posterior half ( Fig. 47 )........................................................... 49 - S1 without lateral groove ( Fig. 78 )....................................................................... 58 49. S1 anteriorly smooth............................................................... T . ( T .) frater Parker, 1935 - S1 anteriorly with coarse or deep or shallow punctures....................................................... 50 50. Subposterior area of T 1 not depressed.................................................................... 51 - Subposterior area of T 1 slightly or distinctly depressed...................................................... 52 51. Subposterior area of T 1 distinctly with one transverse row of punctures ( Figs 81–82 in Tsuneki, 1986a )........................................................................................... T . ( T .) chihpenchia Tsuneki, 1986 - Subposterior area of T 1 with a few scattered punctures............................ T . ( T .) pempuchiensis Tsuneki, 1986 52. S1 posteriorly with transverse depressed groove..................................... T . ( T .) wushensis Tsuneki, 1986 - S1 ( Fig. 47 ) posteriorly without transverse depressed groove.................................................. 53 53. Clypeus ( Fig. 46 ) apically smooth........................................ T . ( T .) nervidirecta Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Clypeus apically with coarse and dense punctures........................................................... 54 54. Frons with medial longitudinal carina or groove............................................................ 55 - Frons without medial longitudinal carina and groove........................................................ 56 55. Frons with medial longitudinal carina; pronotum antero-ventrally with irregular pits......... T . ( T .) vernalis Rohwer, 1924 - Frons with medial longitudinal groove; pronotum antero-ventrally smooth............... T . ( T .) chungshani Tsuneki, 1986 56. S6 with medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area......................................................... 57 - S6 without medial longitudinal narrow impunctate area................................. T . ( T .) changi Tsuneki, 1986 57. Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with dense long oblique wrinkles................. T . ( T .) malayana Cameron, 1910 - Lateral surface of propodeum dorsally with sparser long oblique wrinkles than the above species............................................................................................. T . ( T .) fukiensis Allen & Jaynes, 1930 58. T 1 distinctly elongate, 1.6× as long as wide.......................................... T . ( T .) tibetana Turner, 1908 - T 1 ( Figs 55 , 73 ) not distinctly elongate, 1.3× as long as wide.................................................. 59 59. Subposterior area of T 1 with one transverse puncture groove ( Fig. 1S in Han & Kim 2009 ).................................................................................... T . ( T .) brevilineata brevilineata Allen & Jaynes, 1930 - Subposterior area of T 1 without transverse puncture groove ( Figs 55 , 73 )........................................ 60 60. Lateral carina of propodeal areola slightly convergent posteriorly, providing subtrapezoidal shape................................................................................................ T . ( T .) wangpeisunana Ma, 1936 - Lateral carina of propodeal areola almost parallel posteriorly, providing rectangular or square shape ( Figs 59 , 77 )........ 61 61. Upper frons almost impunctate................................................... T . ( T .) compressa Smith, 1855 - Upper frons with sparse punctures ( Figs 56 , 74 )............................................................ 62 62. Vertex ( Fig. 57 ) with coriaceous interspaces between punctures......................... T . ( T .) taiwana Ishikawa , 1967 - Vertex ( Fig. 75 ) with smooth interspaces between punctures.......................... T . ( T .) borneana Cameron, 1907